RESUMO
Mosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMark™ Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses.
Assuntos
Culicidae/virologia , Doenças Endêmicas , Epidemias , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Infecções por Arbovirus/transmissão , Infecções por Arbovirus/virologia , Arbovírus/genética , Arbovírus/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Camboja , Vetores de Doenças , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Feminino , Guiana Francesa , Guadalupe , Humanos , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Projetos Piloto , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Senegal , Suriname , Zika virus/genética , Infecção por Zika virus/transmissãoRESUMO
The invasive species Aedes albopictus is present in 60% of Brazilian municipalities, including at the interfaces between urban settings and forests that are zoonotic arbovirus hotspots. We investigated Ae. albopictus colonization, adult dispersal and host feeding patterns in the anthropic-natural interface of three forested sites covering three biomes in Brazil in 2016. To evaluate whether an ecological overlap exists between Ae. albopictus and sylvatic yellow fever virus (YFV) in forests, we performed similar investigations in seven additional urban-forest interfaces where YFV circulated in 2017. We found Ae. albopictus in all forested sites. We detected eggs and adults up to 300 and 500 m into the forest, respectively, demonstrating that Ae. albopictus forest colonization and dispersal decrease with distance from the forest edge. Analysis of the host identity in blood-engorged females indicated that they fed mainly on humans and domestic mammals, suggesting rare contact with wildlife at the forest edge. Our results show that Ae. albopictus frequency declines as it penetrates into the forest and highlight its potential role as a bridge vector of zoonotic diseases at the edge of the Brazilian forests studied.
Assuntos
Aedes/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Mosquitos Vetores/fisiologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Aedes/virologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cães , Ecossistema , Feminino , Florestas , Humanos , Mosquitos Vetores/virologia , Óvulo , Ratos , Reforma Urbana , Vírus da Febre Amarela , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/virologiaRESUMO
American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) in Peru is mainly associated with Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana and L. (V.) braziliensis. These parasites are genetically related, and their characterization as distinct species is controversial. Despite their genetic similarity, each species is associated with different clinical manifestations of ATL; L. (V.) peruviana causes only cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas L. (V.) braziliensis can cause both cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Because the primary cutaneous lesions caused by infection with these species are indistinguishable, it is necessary to develop a suitable method to differentiate them in order to prevent possible metastasis to oropharyngeal mucosa. In the present study, we investigated the proteolytic profile of L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from Peru by zymographic analysis in SDS-PAGE copolymerized with gelatin. Enzymes were characterized according to their pH range of activity and sensitivity to distinct peptidase inhibitors. We observed that L. (V.) peruviana isolates displayed three proteolytic bands with molecular masses ranging from 55 to 80 kDa, whereas L. (V.) braziliensis isolates showed six proteolytic activities between 55 and 130 kDa. Using specific inhibitors, we determined that these proteolytic activities are due to metallopeptidases and present optimal activity between the pH range 5.5 and 10.0. Our results suggest that the expression of metallopeptidases in L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from Peru is species-specific.