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RESUMEN Fundamento: Los abscesos dentoalveolares agudos constituyen causa frecuente de las visitas de los niños a la consulta estomatológica. Objetivo: Identificar los dientes afectados por absceso dentoalveolar agudo y sus factores de riesgo en escolares de en la Escuela Primaria Melanio Hernández de Tuinucú. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en la Escuela Primaria de Tuinucú en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2020 y abril de 2021. Se seleccionaron 30 escolares de 2do grado con absceso dentoalveolar agudo. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico. Se estudiaron las variables: sexo, diente afectado y factores de riesgos del absceso dentoalveolar agudo. Resultados: El 53.3 % de los escolares presentó absceso dentoalveolar agudo en los primeros molares temporales y el 43.3 % en los segundos. El 97 % tiene desconocimiento del absceso alveolar agudo y el 70 % estuvo afectado por caries dental. Conclusiones: Los primeros y segundos molares temporales fueron los dientes con mayor afectación por absceso alveolar agudo, sobre todo los inferiores, con predominio de la caries dental y el desconocimiento sobre el absceso dentoalveolar agudo como principales factores de riesgo.

ABSTRACT Background: Acute dentoalveolar abscesses are a frequent cause for children to visit the dentist. Objective: To identify the teeth affected by acute dentoalveolar abscess and their risk factors in pupils at the Melanio Hernández Elementary School in Tuinucú. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Primary School in Tuinucú from September 2020 to April 2021. 30 2nd grade pupils with acute dentoalveolar abscess were selected. Methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical level were used. The variables studied were: sex, affected tooth and risk factors for acute dentoalveolar abscess. Results: 53.3 % of pupils presented acute dentoalveolar abscess in the first primary molars and 43.3 % in the second. 97 % are unconscious of the acute alveolar abscess and 70 % were affected by dental caries. Conclusions: The first and second primary molars were the teeth mostly affected by acute alveolar abscess, especially those lower part, with prevalence of dental caries and lack of knowledge about acute dentoalveolar abscess as the main risk factors.

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BACKGROUND: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a single nutritional preventive session previous to a critical period linked to fat gain in university students with overweightness and obesity, emulating a nutritional session of a public health system. METHODS: In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 23 students met all the criteria to be included (20.91 ± 2.52-year-old; 52.2% women) who were divided into two groups: intervention group (IG) and control group (CG). Fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity by accelerometry, feeding evaluation through three questionnaires, and a set of healthy lifestyle recommendations were evaluated before and after the national holidays (NH). RESULTS: Our findings showed that FM increased significantly in the CG, but not in the IG (CG = 428.1 g; IG = 321.9 g; Δ = 106.2 g; p = 0.654 [95% CI = -379.57, 591.92]). However, no differences were found during the NH between them (Hedges' g effect size = 0.19; p = 0.654). In addition, no statistical differences were observed between groups in feeding evaluations, the set of recommendations performed, and physical activity. CONCLUSION: a single preventive session before a critical period, using a similar counselling approach as used in the public health system, might not be enough to promote changes in eating and physical activity patterns and preventing fat gain in overweight/obese university students. Long-term interventions are a must.

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Introducción: en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (CABA), se desarrollan iniciativas de seguridad alimentaria destinadas a la población vulnerable, dirigidas por organizaciones comunitarias en comedores. Reconocer la diversidad cultural en los espacios comunitarios permite valorar el significado que tienen los alimentos para la población asistida, como las consideraciones relacionadas a las prácticas alimentarias autóctonas. Objetivos: contribuir a mejorar la utilización de recursos y adaptar las costumbres culinarias autóctonas en comedores comunitarios para promover la salud y bienestar nutricional de la población asistida. Materiales y método: estudio prospectivo y descriptivo. Se realizó un análisis sociocultural de las costumbres alimentarias en la población migrante, beneficiarios del Programa Apoyo a Grupos Comunitarios de la CABA. Los datos se recolectaron a través de una encuesta mixta semiestructurada. Resultados: se encuestaron a 59 personas (52 mujeres) edad promedio 35 años. La distribución poblacional fue heterogénea: 62% bolivianos, 21% paraguayos, 11% argentinos hijos de migrantes, 4% peruanos y 2% chilenos. El 89% considera a las comidas típicas beneficiosas para la salud, el 78% consume alimentos autóctonos ocasionalmente en eventos especiales. Refirieron asociar sus comidas típicas a diversas emociones como felicidad y recuerdos. Conclusiones: Los comedores comunitarios permiten a la población acceder a los alimentos, lugar donde confluyen culturas diversas. Es necesario promover espacios para valorar los patrimonios gastronómicos, preservar su transmisión a las generaciones que suceden. Dar relevancia a la cultura alimentaria es necesario para promover la soberanía alimentaria(AU).

Introduction: in the City of Buenos Aires (CABA), food security initiatives are developed for the vulnerable population, directed by community organizations in soup kitchens. Recognizing cultural diversity in these community areas allows valuing the meaning foods have for assisted populations, as well as considerations related to autochthonous food practices. Objectives: to improve resources and adapt autochthonous food customs in soup kitchens in order to promote health and nutritional wellbeing within the assisted population. Materials and methods: prospective, descriptive and longitudinal study. A sociocultural analysis of food customs of migrant population that benefit from the Support Program to Community Groups (CABA) was carried out. The data was collected through a semi-structured mixed survey. Results: 59 people (52 women) were surveyed; average age 35. The population distribution was heterogeneous: 62% Bolivians, 21% Paraguayans, 11% Argentine (children of migrants), 4% Peruvians and 2% Chileans. Eighty-nine per cent consider typical foods as beneficial for health. 78 per cent consume autochthonous foods only on special social events. They referred association of their typical foods to several emotions such as happiness and memories. Conclusions: soup kitchens allow access to food assistance, constituting a place where different cultures converge. It is necessary to promote spaces to value gastronomic heritage, and preserve transmission in successive generations. Giving relevance to food culture is necessary to promote food sovereignty(AU).

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INTRODUCTION: several public health programs are being implemented to combat childhood obesity in the world. However, the impact of Chilean Law n.o 20,606, which regulates the sale and advertising of foods high in critical nutrients ("Super 8 Law") about a critical period in the increase of body weight in schoolchildren, such as National Holiday (NH), has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: establish the effect of NH on various body composition indicators before and after the implementation of the Super 8 Law. METHODS: 110 schoolchildren between 10 and 13 years of age participated in this study, and 48 finished it after one year of follow-up (23 children and 25 girls). Body weight, body mass index (Zscore-BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), fat mass index (FMI), percentage of fat mass and muscle mass during the four weeks of September 2015 (without law) and 2016 (with law). An ANOVA for repeated measures and adjusted for covariates was applied. RESULTS: body weight (0.327 and 0.556 kg), Zscore-BMI (0.057 and 0.085) and fat percentage (0.1 and 0.9%) increased significantly during both NH (without and with law, respectively). Compared to 2015, FMI and TMI do not show significant increases during 2016, however, there are no significant differences in any of the variables studied after the implementation of the law. CONCLUSION: despite observing slight advances in certain parameters of body composition between one year and another, the implementation of the Super 8 Law in Chile does not seem to generate a preventive effect during NH.

Introducción: diversos programas de salud pública están siendo implementados para combatir la obesidad infantil en el mundo. No obstante, el impacto de la Ley chilena n.o 20.606 que regula la venta y publicidad de alimentos altos en nutrientes críticos ("Ley Súper 8") sobre un periodo crítico en el aumento de peso corporal en escolares, como son las vacaciones de Fiestas Patrias (VFP) aún no ha sido evaluado.Objetivo: establecer el efecto de las VFP sobre diversos indicadores de composición corporal antes y después de la implementación de la Ley Súper 8.Metodología: participaron 110 escolares entre 10 y 13 años de edad y finalizaron 48 tras 1 año de seguimiento (23 niños y 25 niñas). Se evaluó el peso corporal, índice de masa corporal (Zscore-IMC), índice de masa triponderal (IMT), índice de masa grasa (IMG), porcentaje de masa grasa y masa muscular durante las 4 semanas del mes de septiembre de 2015 (sin ley) y de 2016 (con ley). Se aplicó un ANOVA para medidas repetidas y ajustada a covariables.Resultados: el peso corporal (0,327 y 0,556 kg), Zscore-IMC (0,057 y 0,085) y porcentaje de grasa (0,1 y 0,9%) aumentan significativamente durante ambas VFP (sin y con ley, respectivamente). En comparación a 2015, el IMG e IMT no muestran aumentos significativos durante 2016, sin embargo, no existen diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas tras la implementación de la ley.Conclusión: a pesar de observar ligeros avances en ciertos parámetros de composición corporal entre un año y otro, la implementación de la Ley Súper 8 en Chile no parece generar un efecto preventivo durante las VFP.

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BACKGROUND: The ST2/IL-33 pathway has been related to ulcerative colitis (UC), and soluble ST2 (sST2), to disease severity. We tested the potential usefulness of sST2 as a predictive marker of treatment response and patients' outcome. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with active UC were prospectively recruited and grouped according to an endoscopic score and therapy response. Colonoscopic biopsies were collected at baseline and 6 months or when patients showed clinical activity. The protocol was reinitiated in patients requiring rescue therapy. Blood and stool were collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Serum and mucosal ST2, and fecal calprotectin (FC) content were determined by ELISA and correlated to Mayo clinical and endoscopic subscore. Intestinal ST2 was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Spearman correlations (Rs) were applied (p <0.05). RESULTS: Follow-up was completed in 24 patients. sST2 levels (median and range) varied from 173.5 [136.6-274.0] to 86.5 [54.6-133.2] in responders (p < 0.05), and 336.3 [211.0-403.2] to 385.3 pg/mL [283.4-517.3] in non-responders at baseline and 6 months, respectively. sST2 levels correlated with Mayo clinical and endoscopic subscore, mucosal ST2 and FC (Rs = 0.57, 0.66, 0.74 and 0.42, respectively; p < 0.0001) and showed a trend similar to that of FC in responders. Non-responders revealed an increased ST2 content, restricted to the lamina propria's cellular infiltrate. CONCLUSIONS: Consecutive sST2 measurement to follow changes in inflammatory activity of UC patients who respond or not to treatment identifies sST2, like FC, as a useful biomarker in predicting clinical outcome of UC patients.

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Fundamento: el aumento progresivo de los traumatismos dentoalveolares su inestable evolución a mediano y corto plazo motivó la realización de esta investigación. Objetivo: identificar la evolución en el tratamiento de lesiones traumáticas en dientes permanentes en pacientes que acudieron a consulta de urgencia durante el periodo comprendido de julio a diciembre del 2010 y evolucionados de agosto hasta diciembre del 2011. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. La población de estudio que coincide con la muestra fueron 45 pacientes con traumatismo en dientes permanentes. Las variables: edad, clasificación de las lesiones traumáticas, tratamiento, periodicidad en la evolución, la evolución clínica anual de los dientes complicados y la evolución anual de forma general. Resultados: el grupo de 8-11 mostró cifras más altas y las fracturas no complicadas de la corona fueron las más numerosas. El recubrimiento pulpar fue el tratamiento de urgencia más usado. Se encontraron signos de afección clínica en la evolución anual de algunos pacientes. Los pacientes que mantuvieron una periodicidad completa en su tratamiento evolucionaron de forma satisfactoria. Conclusiones: los pacientes que tuvieron fracturas más complicadas presentaron signos de afección clínica y aquellos que mantuvieron una periodicidad en el tratamiento tuvieron una evolución satisfactoria.

Background: the progressive increasement of dentoalveolar traumas, its unsteady evolution in middle and short term motivated the realization of this investigation. Objective: to identify the evolution of traumatic lesions in permanent teeth in patients who came to the emergency room from July to December 2010 and evolved from August to December 2011. Methodology: a transversal descriptive study was carried out. The study population which coincides with the sample was 45 patients with trauma in permanent teeth. The variables: age classification of traumatic lesions, treatment, evolution, yearly clinical evolution. Results: the group 8 to 11 showed higher numbers and the non-complicated fractures of the crown were the most frequent. The pulpar covering was the most used emergency treatment. Signs of clinical affectations in the yearly evolution of some patients were found. The patients with a complete follow up of the treatment evolved satisfactorily. Conclusions: The patients who had more complicated fractures showed signs of clinical affectations.

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We examined mercury concentrations in three fish assemblages to estimate biomagnification rates in the Iténez main river, affected by anthropogenic activities, and two unperturbed rivers from the Iténez basin, Bolivian Amazon. Rivers presented low to moderate water mercury concentrations (from 1.25 ng L(-1) to 2.96 ng L(-1)) and natural differences in terms of sediment load. Mercury biomagnification rates were confronted to trophic structure depicted by carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes composition (δ(15)N; δ(13)C) of primary trophic sources, invertebrates and fishes. Results showed a slight fish contamination in the Iténez River compared to the unperturbed rivers, with higher mercury concentrations in piscivore species (0.15 µg g(-1) vs. 0.11 µg g(-1) in the unperturbed rivers) and a higher biomagnification rate. Trophic structure analysis showed that the higher biomagnification rate in the Iténez River could not be attributed to a longer food chain. Nevertheless, it revealed for the Iténez River a higher contribution of periphyton to the diet of the primary consumers fish species; and more negative δ(13)C values for primary trophic sources, invertebrates and fishes that could indicate a higher contribution of methanotrophic bacteria. These two factors may enhance methylation and methyl mercury transfer in the food web and thus, alternatively or complementarily to the impact of the anthropogenic activities, may explain mercury differences observed in fishes from the Iténez River in comparison to the two other rivers.

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Introducción: el término enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es una anormal proliferación del trofoblasto, que desde el punto de vista histológico se clasifica en mola hidatiforme, mola invasora, coriocarcinoma y tumor del sitio de implantación del trofoblasto. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y ultrasonográficas de una mola hidatiforme parcial o mola embrionada. Paciente: se presenta un caso de 24 sem de gestación con el diagnóstico ultrasonográfico de mola hidatidiforme parcial. Resultados: se realizó cariotipo fetal y determinación de niveles de gonadotropina coriónica en suero materno. Se hallaron defectos congénitos en el feto, por lo que se ofreció asesoramiento genético a la pareja, que optó por la interrupción de la gestación. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico prenatal fue confirmado por la anatomía patológica

Introduction: the term gestational trophoblastic disease is an abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast, which is histologically classified as hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and tumor trophoblast implantation site. Objective: to describe the clinical and ultrasonographic partial hydatidiform mole or mole embrionada. Patient: we report a 24- week - prenancy case with ultrasonographic diagnosis of partial hydatidiform mole. Results: fetal karyotype was performed and levels of chorionic gonadotropin in maternal serum were determined. We found congenital defects in the fetus, so genetic counseling was offered to the parents, who chose ending this pregnancy. Conclusions: the prenatal diagnosis was confirmed by pathology

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The bioaccumulation mechanism expresses an increment of mercury concentration along the lifetime of each individual. It is generally investigated along the age or size range of organisms from a same population. Water chemistry and trophic position are important factors that may influence the emergence of bioaccumulation patterns. In order to detect the influence of these parameters on fish mercury bioaccumulation patterns, we explored the relations between mercury concentration, size and isotopic trophic position of fish populations of six species (three non piscivorous and three piscivorous) in three rivers of the Iténez basin (Bolivia) with different sediment load in water and anthropogenic impact. Fishes of the Iténez basin showed fairly lower mercury contamination in relation to the regional context. They presented lower total mercury concentrations in unperturbed clear water river (average of 0.051 µg g(-1) for non piscivores; 0.088 µg g(-1) for piscivores), intermediate values (average of 0.05 and 0.104 µg g(-1)) in unperturbed white water river, whereas the highest values (average of 0.062 and 0.194 µg g(-1)) were found in the perturbed clear water river. Piscivore and invertivore species showed significant positive bioaccumulation patterns in the perturbed river and in the unperturbed white water river. No positive pattern was detected in the unperturbed clear water river. Positive patterns could not be attributed to differences in trophic condition and mean fish mercury concentration between populations. Bioaccumulation seems not to be the main factor to explain increased mercury concentrations in fish from the perturbed river.

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We report mercury (Hg) mass-dependent isotope fractionation (MDF) and mass-independent isotope fractionation (MIF) in hair samples of the Bolivian Esse Ejjas native people and in several tropical fish species that constitute their daily diet. MDF with delta(202)Hg ranging from -0.40 to -0.92 per thousand for fish and +1.04 to +1.42 per thousand for hair was observed. Hair samples of native people with a fish-dominated diet are enriched by +2.0 +/- 0.2 per thousand in delta(202)Hg relative to the fish consumed. Both odd Hg isotopes, (199)Hg and (201)Hg, display MIF in fish (from -0.14 to +0.38 per thousand for Delta(201)Hg and from -0.09 to +0.55 per thousand for Delta(199)Hg) and in hair (from +0.12 to +0.66 per thousand for Delta(201)Hg and from +0.14 to +0.81 per thousand for Delta(199)Hg). No significant difference in MIF anomalies is observed between Hg in fish and in human hair, suggesting that the anomalies act as conservative source tracers between upper trophic levels of the tropical food chain. Fish Hg MIF anomalies are 10-fold lower than those published for fish species from midlatitude lakes. Grouping all Amazonian fish species per location shows that Delta(199)Hg:Delta(201)Hg regression slopes for the clear water Itenez River basin (0.95 +/- 0.08) are significantly lower than those for the white water Beni River basin (1.28 +/- 0.12). Assuming that the observed MIF originates from aquatic photoreactions, we calculated limited photodemethylation of monomethylmercury (MMHg) in the Beni River floodplains and insignificant photodemethylation in the Itenez River floodplains. This is possibly related to lower residence times of MMHg in the Itenez compared to the Beni River floodplains. Finally, a significantly negative Delta(201)Hg of -0.14 per thousand in Beni River fish suggests that the inorganic Hg precursor to the MMHg that bioaccumulates up the food chain defines an ecosystem specific non-zero Delta(201)Hg baseline. Calculation of photodemethylation intensities from Hg or MMHg MIF, therefore, requires a baseline correction.

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