RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare exercise addiction (EA) between runners, cyclists, swimmers, and triathletes. Took part in this study 39 runners, 32 cyclists, 30 swimmers and 38 triathletes. Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), and the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to evaluate the EA and classified the participants into: at-risk for EA, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic. Most participants were classified as nondependent symptomatic for EA. The EDS total score was significantly lower in the swimmers compared to the cyclists and triathletes and the EAI total score was significantly higher for cyclists compared to runners. Therefore, in both instruments, the majority of participants was nondependent symptomatic for EA (AU).

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a dependência ao exercício (DE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores e triatletas. Participaram do estudo 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores e 38 triatletas. As escalas Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) e Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) foram usadas para a avaliação da DE e classificaram os participantes em três categorias: em risco de DE, não dependente sintomático e não dependente assintomático. A maioria dos participantes foram classificadas como não dependentes sintomáticos para DE. O escore da EDS foi significativamente menor nos nadadores comparado aos ciclistas e triatletas e o escore total da EAI foi significantemente maior nos ciclistas comparado aos corredores. Portanto, em ambos os instrumentos, a maioria dos participantes foi não dependente sintomático para DE (AU).

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y comparar la adicción al ejercicio (AE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores y triatletas. Participaron de este estudio 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores y 38 triatletas. La Escala de Dependencia al Ejercicio (EDS) y el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) fueron utilizados para evaluar la AE y clasificaron a los participantes en tres categorías: en riesgo de AE, no dependiente-sintomático y no dependiente-asintomático. La mayoría de los participantes se clasificaron como no dependiente-sintomático para AE. La puntuación EDS fue significativamente menor en nadadores en comparación con ciclistas y triatletas y la puntuación EAI total fue significativamente mayor en ciclistas en comparación con corredores. Por lo tanto, en ambos instrumentos, la mayoría de los participantes eran sintomáticos no dependientes para AE

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare exercise addiction (EA) between runners, cyclists, swimmers, and triathletes. Took part in this study 39 runners, 32 cyclists, 30 swimmers and 38 triathletes. Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), and the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was used to evaluate the EA and classified the participants into: at-risk for EA, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic. Most participants were classified as nondependent symptomatic for EA. The EDS total score was significantly lower in the swimmers compared to the cyclists and triathletes and the EAI total score was significantly higher for cyclists compared to runners. Therefore, in both instruments, the majority of participants was nondependent symptomatic for EA.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar a dependência ao exercício (DE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadado-res e triatletas. Participaram do estudo 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores e 38 triatletas. As escalas Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) e Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) foram usadas para a ava-liação da DE e classificaram os participantes em três categorias: em risco de DE, não dependente sintomático e não dependente assintomático. A maioria dos participantes foram classificadas como não dependentes sintomáticos para DE. O escore da EDS foi significativamente menor nos nadadores comparado aos ciclistas e triatletas e o escore total da EAI foi significantemente maior nos ciclistas comparado aos corredores. Portanto, em ambos os ins-trumentos, a maioria dos participantes foi não dependente sinto-mático para DE.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y comparar la adicción al ejercicio (AE) entre corredores, ciclistas, nadadores y triatletas. Participaron de este estudio 39 corredores, 32 ciclistas, 30 nadadores y 38 triatletas. La Escala de Dependencia al Ejercicio (EDS) y el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) fueron utilizados para evaluar la AE y clasificaron a los participantes en tres categorías: en riesgo de AE, no dependiente-sintomático y no dependiente-asintomático. La mayoría de los participantes se clasificaron como no dependiente-sintomático para AE. La puntuación EDS fue significativamente menor en nadadores en comparación con ciclistas y triatletas y la puntuación EAI total fue significativamente mayor en ciclistas en comparación con corredores. Por lo tanto, en ambos instrumentos, la mayoría de los participantes eran sintomáticos no dependientes para AE.

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Abstract Aim: This study aimed to verify the acute effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on maximal lactate production rate (VLamax) in front crawl swimmers. Methods: Fifteen male swimmers (20.9 ± 2.4-year-old) participated in this study. Three sets of front crawls were performed at distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m under three experimental conditions: PBM (420 J), placebo (PLA) and control (C) in this randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PBM or PLA were applied or simulated before performance tests. One-way Anova for repeated measurements were used for statistical analyses. Results: The results showed that the prior PBM application did not affect VLamax in front crawl swimmers: VLamax 100-m (PBM = 0.20 ± 0.05 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.20 ± 0.04 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.21 ± 0.04; mmol·L-1·s-1); 200-m (PBM = 0.09 ± 0.03 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1) and 400-m (PBM = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.03 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1). Nor effect swim time (ST) performance: ST 100 m (PBM = 65.5 ± 6.3 s; PLA = 65.2 ± 5.6 s; C = 66.0 ± 5.9 s); ST 200 m (PBM = 148.5 ± 17.9 s; PLA = 149.4 ± 16.4 s; C = 150.1 ± 17.9 s); ST 400 m (PBM = 327.7 ± 38.2 s; PLA = 321.6 ± 47.7 s; C = 329.5 ± 41.2 s). Conclusions: PBM application prior front crawl swimming tests did not significantly modify the VLamax on swimmers covering distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m.

RESUMO

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different backpack loads on the walking gait kinematics and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in Brazilian scholars. Methods: The sample was composed of 25 male children and adolescents, from 10 to 14 years. The mean body mass and height were 45.3 kg ± 10.6 kg and 1.51 m ± 0.08 m, respectively. For the walking gait assessment, a tridimensional analysis system was used. In the backpack conditions, loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were applied according to the body weight of everyone. Kinematic variables and angular amplitudes of head, shoulders, thorax, pelvis, and knees in the sagittal plane were collected. The OMNI scale was used to assess the RPE. Results: The loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% promoted postural adjustments and alterations in the walking gait, in which the RPE presented a correlation with those alterations. The step in the left cycle altered from the baseline in the 5% (p = 0.006). The stride length altered from baseline in the 5% (p = 0.030) and 10% (p < 0.001) load conditions. The single support time was different from baseline in all conditions (p = 0.003; p = 0.012; p = 0.005; p = 0.006). The walking gait cadence was different in the comparison between baseline in the 5% (p = 0.003). Thorax amplitude altered in the 10% (p = 0.023), 15% (p = 0.033) and 20% (p = 0.005) load conditions in the left cycle. Conclusion: We concluded that the posture, RPE, and the gait kinematic altered according to the increase in the backpack load.

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The aim of this study was to verify the reliability of peak running velocity obtained on the track field (Vpeak_TF) in runners of different performance levels. 39 male endurance runners were divided into two groups: trained runners (TR; n = 22; 10-km time running performance of 35.2 ± 1.7 min), and recreational runners (RR; n = 17; 10-km time running performance of 51.3 ± 4.8 min). They performed three maximal incremental running tests on the official track field (400 m), with an interval of 1 week between trials to determine the reliability of Vpeak_T. The Vpeak_TF showed high reliability, presenting an intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation of 0.97 and 1.28%, and 0.90 and 1.24% for TR and RR, respectively. Both TR and RR showed lowest bias and limits of agreement between test and retest (Vpeak_TF1 and Vpeak_TF2). In addition, there was no statistical test-retest difference for Vpeak_TF. In addition, the HR and RPE submaximal values were reliable for both TR and RR. Therefore, the Vpeak_TF showed high reliability in both TR and RR. These findings reinforce that the protocol for determining Vpeak_TF, using increments of 1 km h-1 every 3 min is reliable regardless of the performance level of the runners.

RESUMO

Abstract Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a backward running (BR) training program prescribed by the peak backward running velocity (Vpeak_BR) on physiological variables and a 3 km forward running (FR) performance. Methods: Eight untrained running male adults in running took place in the study. All the participants underwent five weeks of BR training prescribed based on Vpeak_BR. They performed a maximal incremental test on the treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and the velocity associated with V̇O2max (vV̇O2max). The participants were also tested on the track field to determine the Vpeak_BR and undertook a 3 km FR performance. All initial assessments were also performed after the training period. Results: The results showed statistically significant improvements in 3 km FR performance (14.2 ± 1.2 min vs. 13.5 ± 1.0 min) and Vpeak_BR (8.0 ± 0.8 km·h−1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.5 km·h−1) after the training period. Conclusion: BR training effectively improved 3 km FR performance and Vpeak_BR, demonstrating that Vpeak_BR determined according to the protocol proposed in this study can be used for the prescription of BR training. Further, BR training represents an effective training method that can be inserted into an FR running training program.

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This study aimed to investigate the influence of endurance running training associated with PBM on endurance performance variables and muscle soreness in untrained men. Thirty untrained men were distributed randomly into a placebo (PLA) group and photobiomodulation group (PBMG) and they performed 8 weeks of running training. The PBMG had the PBM performed before all training sessions. The PBM was applied using LED equipment with 56 diodes of red light (660 nm) and 48 diodes of infrared light (850 nm). The application was performed in 5 points per leg, with a dose of 60 J at each point and a total energy delivered per leg of 300 J. Peak running velocity, time limit tests and 5-km performance were assessed pre and post-training; muscle soreness was evaluated before all training sessions. The Vpeak increased and 5-km running time (t5-km) decreased (P < 0.001) in both groups. In addition, the magnitude based-inference analysis showed a possibly positive effect on Vpeak and t5-km and for PBMG compared to PLA group. Furthermore, there was a moderate ES of 0.82 on attenuation in muscle soreness in the third week of endurance running training. Therefore, although the magnitude-based inference analysis demonstrated a possibly positive effect on Vpeak and t5-km and for PBMG compared to PLA group and a moderate ES on attenuation in muscle soreness in the last weeks of endurance running training, no significant difference were found between PBMG and PLA interventions.

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Abstract This study aimed to generate an age-based maximum heart rate (HRmax) equation for endurance-trained runners. Thirty-four male runners performed three tests on a motorized treadmill, starting at 8 km h-1 with increments of 1 km h-1 every 1, 2 or, 3 min. HRmax was defined as the highest heart rate value recorded during each test. Post hoc analyses indicated that the HRmax derived from each test was significantly lower than the highest HRmax value, for each participant. HRmax predicted by "206 - 0.7 × age" underestimated the highest HRmax by 8.6 beats min-1. Thus, the generated age-based "218 - 0.8 × age" equation should be used to predict HRmax in endurance-trained runners.

Resumo Esse estudo objetivou gerar uma equação de frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) baseada na idade para corredores aerobiamente treinados. Trinta e quatro corredores homens realizaram três testes incrementais em esteira motorizada, com início a 8 km·h-1 e incrementos de 1 km·h-1 a cada um, dois ou, três minutos. A FCmax foi definida como o valor mais alto de frequência cardíaca registrado em cada teste. As análises de post hoc indicaram que a FCmax de cada teste foi significativamente menor que o valor mais elevado de FCmax para cada participante. A FCmax predita pela equação "206 - 0,7 x idade" subestimou a mais alta FCmax em 8,6 batimentos·min-1. Logo, a equação gerada baseada em idade "218 - 0,8 x idade" deveria ser usada para predizer a FCmax em corredores aerobiamente treinados.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue generar una ecuación de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx) basada en la edad en corredores entrenados en resistencia. Treinta y cuatro corredores de sexo masculino realizaron 3 pruebas en una cinta ergométrica motorizada, comenzando con la velocidad de 8 km/h-1 con incrementos de 1 km/h-1 cada uno, 2 o 3 min. La FCmáx fue definida como el valor de la frecuencia cardíaca más elevada registrada durante cada prueba. Los análisis posteriores indicaron que la FCmáx derivada de las pruebas fue considerablemente más baja que el valor más alto de la FCmáx de cada participante. La FCmáx pronosticada por la ecuación «206-0,7 × edad¼, subestimada la más alta FCmás por 8,6 lat/min-1. Así, la ecuación generada basada en la edad «218-0,8 × edad¼ debería utilizarse para pronosticar la FCmáx en corredores entrenados en resistencia.

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ResumoExaminou-se a reprodutibilidade do desempenho em provas de corrida de 5 e 10 km em pista de atletismo. Trinta e um corredores recreacionistas, do gênero masculino, fizeram duas provas de 5 e duas de 10 km em uma pista oficial de atletismo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os testes-retestes para ambas as provas com o uso do teste t pareado (p > 0,05). Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e de variação foram de 0,94/3,44% (5 km) e de 0,97/2,43% (10 km), respectivamente. A reprodutibilidade de ambas as provas em pista de atletismo foi semelhante às reprodutibilidades reportadas na literatura para testes em laboratório. Além disso, a prova de 10 km se mostrou mais reprodutível do que a prova de 5 km para a amostra estudada e necessitou de aproximadamente metade da amostra necessária para se detectarem aumentos significativos durante teste-reteste em provas de 5 km.

AbstractWe examined the reproducibility of performance in running events of 5 and 10 km in running track. Thirty-one recreational, male, runners performed two tests of 5 and two tests of 10 km in an official running track. There was no significant difference in time between the test-retest for both tests using the paired t test (P > 0.05). The intraclass coefficient of correlation and the coefficient of variation were 0.94/3.44% (5 km) and 0.97/2.43% (10 km), respectively. The reproducibility of both running events in running track was similar to that reported in the literature for laboratory tests. In addition, the 10 km test was more reproducible than the 5 km test for this studied sample, requiring approximately half the sample needed to detect significant increases during test-retest in running events of 5 km.

ResumenHemos examinado la reproducibilidad del desempeño en pruebas de carrera de 5 y 10 km en pista de atletismo. Treinta y un corredores recreativos, género masculino, realizaron dos pruebas de 5 y dos de 10 km en una pista oficial de atletismo. No hubo diferencia significativa en el tiempo test-retest entre ambas pruebas mediante la prueba de t para muestras apareadas (P > 0,05). Los coeficientes de correlación intraclase y de variación fueron de 0,94/3,44% (5 km) y 0,97/2,43% (10 km), respectivamente. Se encontró que la reproducibilidad de las dos pruebas de carrera en pista de atletismo fue similar a la descrita en la literatura para pruebas de laboratorio. Además, la prueba de 10 km fue más reproducible que la prueba de 5 km para la muestra estudiada, lo que requiere aproximadamente la mitad de la muestra necesaria para detectar un aumento significativo en test-retest en pruebas de 5 km.

RESUMO

O estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre prática esportiva competitiva e desempenho escolar em uma escola de Maringá-PR. Os dados foram coletados por meio dequestionários aplicados a 59 estudantes-atletas e 12 professores e por consulta a documentosescolares. Verificou-se similaridade entre o desempenho escolar de atletas e demais alunos, interação insuficiente de professores sobre as atividades esportivas da escola, independênciaentre tempo de treinamento e estudo e opiniões distintas entre os grupos sobre fatores intervenientes. Concluiu-se que, mesmo não evidenciada a interferência da prática esportiva no desempenho escolar no campo investigado, os estudantes-atletas precisam ser orientados adequadamente em suas rotinas e apoiados em suas dificuldades...

The study aimed to examine the relation between competitive sports practice and school performance in a school of Maringá-PR. The data was collected through questionnaires, which were applied to fifty-nine students/athletes and twelve teachers, as weel as byconsulting school files. We have found a similarity amongst athletes’ and other students’ school performance, insufficient interaction of teachers with school sports activities, independence between training and study time, as well as distinct opinions about intervening factors among groups. Then conclusion is that, although the interference of sports practice inschool performance within the investigation field was not evident, the athlet students must beappropriately guided in their routines and supported in their difficulties.Keywords: Sports. School. Athletes. Teachers...

El estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la relación entre práctica deportiva competitiva y desempeño escolar en una escuela de Maringá-PR. Los datos fueron colectados por medio decuestionarios aplicados a 59 estudiantes-atletas y 12 profesores y por consulta a documentosescolares. Se verificó similitud entre el desempeño escolar de atletas y demás alumnos, interacción insuficiente de profesores sobre las actividades deportivas de la escuela, independencia entre tiempo de entrenamiento y estudio y opiniones distintas entre los grupos sobre factores intervinientes. Se concluyó que, aunque no evidenciada la interferencia de la práctica deportiva en el desempeño escolar en el campo investigado, los estudiantes-atletasprecisan ser orientados adecuadamente en sus rutinas y apoyados en sus dificultades...

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