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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During childhood and adolescence, there are significant increases in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate physical growth parameters associated with BMD and BMC among children and adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, among 63 children and adolescents (aged 8-15 years) diagnosed with HIV. METHOD: BMD, BMC and fat percentage z score were evaluated using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Age/height z score and body mass index (BMI)/age z score were obtained in accordance with international recommendations, and bone age was obtained through hand-wrist radiography. Sex, family income, information on HIV infection (T CD4+ lymphocyte count, viral load and type of antiretroviral therapy, moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior) were used as adjustment variables in the analyses. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Subtotal BMD (without the head region) was directly associated with bone age, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. Subtotal BMC/height was directly associated with bone age, height/age z score, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Subtotal BMD and subtotal BMC/height were directly associated with physical growth indicators among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.

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BACKGROUND: During childhood and adolescence, there are significant increases in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate physical growth parameters associated with BMD and BMC among children and adolescents diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, among 63 children and adolescents (aged 8-15 years) diagnosed with HIV. METHOD: BMD, BMC and fat percentage z score were evaluated using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Age/height z score and body mass index (BMI)/age z score were obtained in accordance with international recommendations, and bone age was obtained through hand-wrist radiography. Sex, family income, information on HIV infection (T CD4+ lymphocyte count, viral load and type of antiretroviral therapy, moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior) were used as adjustment variables in the analyses. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Subtotal BMD (without the head region) was directly associated with bone age, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. Subtotal BMC/height was directly associated with bone age, height/age z score, BMI/age z score and fat percentage z score, even after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION: Subtotal BMD and subtotal BMC/height were directly associated with physical growth indicators among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.

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Background: HIV infection and prolonged use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can impact the body composition and muscle strength of HIV-infected children and adolescents. Therefore, the aim was to verify the association between lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) and handgrip strength (HGS) in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV using or not using ART (with or without protease inhibitors [PI]).Method: Cross-sectional study with 65 children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV aged 8-15 years of both sexes. LSTM was obtained through dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and HGS using hydraulic dynamometer. Information on viral load, CD4+ T lymphocytes and type of ART (with or without [PI]) were obtained from medical records. Simple and multiple linear regression (adjusted for viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes) was used, with p < 0.05.Results: For children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV using ART without PI, the model (LSTM, viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes) explained 68% of HGS variability. For group with ART and PI, the model explained 73%. For group that did not use ART, the model was not associated with HGS.Conclusion: The magnitude of the association between LSTM and HGS was greater than in children and adolescents using ART with PI. ImpactIt is recognized that in the long-term antiretroviral drugs can negatively impact the body composition of children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV. However, few studies have investigated the short-term impact of drug use.The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with protease inhibitor (PI) increased the explanatory power of lean soft tissue mass with muscle strength in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV.These results demonstrate the importance of antiretroviral drugs in the short term. Further studies are needed to identify how and when interventions are needed to reduce the negative effects of drugs in the long term.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Low bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and adolescents. The direct adverse effects of HIV infection and combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) negatively contribute to bone metabolism. A direct relationship between muscle strength levels and BMD in HIV-infected adults and older adults has been described. However, it is unknown whether handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with bone mass in pediatric populations diagnosed with HIV. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether HGS levels are associated with BMC and BMD in HIV-infected children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianãpolis, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The subjects were 65 children and adolescents (8-15 years) diagnosed with vertically-transmitted HIV. Subtotal and lumbar-spine BMC and BMD were obtained via dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). HGS was measured using manual dynamometers. The covariates of sex, ART, CD4+ T lymphocytes and viral load were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Sexual maturation was self-reported and physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Simple and multiple linear regression were used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS: HGS was directly associated with subtotal BMD (β = 0.002; R² = 0.670; P < 0.001), subtotal BMC (β = 0.090; R² = 0.734; P = 0.005) and lumbar-spine BMC (β = 1.004; R² = 0.656; P = 0.010) in the adjusted analyses. However, no significant association was found between HGS and lumbar-spine BMD (β = 0.001; R² = 0.464; P = 0.299). CONCLUSION: HGS was directly associated with BMD and BMC in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

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BACKGROUND: Low bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been identified in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and adolescents. The direct adverse effects of HIV infection and combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) negatively contribute to bone metabolism. A direct relationship between muscle strength levels and BMD in HIV-infected adults and older adults has been described. However, it is unknown whether handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with bone mass in pediatric populations diagnosed with HIV. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether HGS levels are associated with BMC and BMD in HIV-infected children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Florianãpolis, Brazil, in 2016. METHODS: The subjects were 65 children and adolescents (8-15 years) diagnosed with vertically-transmitted HIV. Subtotal and lumbar-spine BMC and BMD were obtained via dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). HGS was measured using manual dynamometers. The covariates of sex, ART, CD4+ T lymphocytes and viral load were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Sexual maturation was self-reported and physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Simple and multiple linear regression were used, with P < 0.05. RESULTS: HGS was directly associated with subtotal BMD (ß = 0.002; R² = 0.670; P < 0.001), subtotal BMC (ß = 0.090; R² = 0.734; P = 0.005) and lumbar-spine BMC (ß = 1.004; R² = 0.656; P = 0.010) in the adjusted analyses. However, no significant association was found between HGS and lumbar-spine BMD (ß = 0.001; R² = 0.464; P = 0.299). CONCLUSION: HGS was directly associated with BMD and BMC in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

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Objetivo: analisar os determinantes sociodemográficos da falta de prontidão para atividade física (FPAF) em adultos quilombolas. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de residentes em quilombos de região geográfica baiana. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista com uso de formulário padronizado sobre características sociodemográficas e a FPAF. Utilizou-se qui-quadrado de Pearson para análise de associação e a regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência, ambas considerando significância estatística para p<0,05. Resultados: a amostra apresentou predomínio do sexo feminino (61,2%) e idade média de 45,0+17,0 anos. A FPAF foi prevalente em 62,9% (IC95%: 59,6: 66,2) dos quilombolas. Os problemas ostearticulares que pioram com atividade física (36,2%) foram os principais problemas indicados como impedimento para a inserção imediata em programas de AF. A FPAF se associou independentemente com sexo e grupo etário. Conclusão: ser do sexo feminino e ter idade >40 anos aumentam a probabilidade para a FPAF em adultos quilombolas.

Objective: to analyze the sociodemographic determinants of physical activity readiness (PAR) in quilombolas adults. Methodology: this is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of residents in quilombos of the Bahian geographical region. Data were obtained through interviews using a standardized form on sociodemographic characteristics and PAR. Pearson's chi-square was used for association analysis and Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios, both considering statistical significance for p<0.05. Results: the sample had a predominance of females (61.2%) and a mean age of 45.0+17.0 years. PAR was prevalent in 62.9% (95% CI: 59.6:66.2) of quilombolas. Ostearticular problems that worsen with physical activity (36.2%) were the main problems indicated as impediment to immediate insertion in PA programs. PAR was independently associated with gender and age group. Conclusion: Being female and> 40 years of age increases the likelihood of PAR in quilombolas adults.

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Objetivo: analisar os padrões de simultaneidade da síndrome metabólica e os fatores sociodemográficos associados em quilombolas baianos. Métodos: Na amostra representativa de 850 adultos quilombolas, os componentes da síndrome metabólica foram definidos conforme o critério Joint Interim Statement. A razão entre a prevalência observada e a esperada determinaram as simultaneidades aumentadas. A regressão de Poisson com variância robusta testou as associações da maior simultaneidade e as variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: Metade das combinações da síndrome metabólica apresentaram prevalência observada maior que prevalência esperada. A hipertrigliceridemia foi o componente mais presente nas simultaneidades aumentadas. Após análise múltipla situação laboral e escolaridade permaneceram associadas (p<0,05) à maior simultaneidade. Conclusão: Ocorreu alta presença de simultaneidades aumentas em adultos quilombolas, tendo a hipertrigliceridemia como elemento mais recorrente. Além disso, a maior simultaneidade se associou trabalho remunerado e <5 anos de escolarização.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the simultaneity patterns of the metabolic syndrome and the associated sociodemographic factors in Bahian quilombolas. Methods: In the representative sample of 850 quilombola adults, the components of the metabolic syndrome were defined according to the Joint Interim Statement criterion. The ratio between observed and expected prevalence determined the increased simultaneities. Poisson regression with robust variance tested the associations of greatest simultaneity and sociodemographic variables. Results: Half of the metabolic syndrome combinations had higher prevalence than expected prevalence. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common component in the increased simultaneities. After multiple analysis, employment status and education remained associated (p <0.05) with greater simultaneity. Conclusion: There was a high presence of increased simultaneities in quilombola adults, with hypertriglyceridemia as the most recurrent element. In addition, the highest simultaneity was associated with paid work and <5 years of schooling.(AU)

Objetivo: analizar los patrones de simultaneidad del síndrome metabólico y los factores sociodemográficos asociados en las quilombolas de Bahía. Métodos: En la muestra representativa de 850 adultos de quilombola, los componentes del síndrome metabólico se definieron de acuerdo con el criterio de la Declaración Interina Conjunta. La relación entre la prevalencia observada y la esperada determinó el aumento de las simultaneidades. La regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta probó las asociaciones de mayor simultaneidad y variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: La mitad de las combinaciones de síndrome metabólico tuvieron una prevalencia más alta que la esperada. La hipertrigliceridemia fue el componente más común en el aumento de las simultaneidades. Después de múltiples análisis, la situación laboral y la educación permanecieron asociadas (p <0.05) con una mayor simultaneidad. Conclusión: Hubo una alta presencia de simultaneidades aumentadas en adultos de quilombola, con hipertrigliceridemia como el elemento más recurrente. Además, la mayor simultaneidad se asoció con el trabajo remunerado y <5 años de escolaridad.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effect of an intervention on the engagement in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) of sixth to ninth grade students during school-time, physical education (PE) classes, and recesses at two public schools in Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. METHOD: Schools were divided into control and experimental groups. Participants wore accelerometers during school-time, and PA and SB were estimated for school-time, PE classes and recesses at the baseline and after the intervention. The intervention was composed of four components: changes were made in the PE classes, including giving instruction to teachers; sports equipment was made available for use during recesses; educational sessions on the format of classes were conducted; folders and posters were distributed. Data was analyzed using an Analysis of Covariance for repeated measures comparing baseline data with post intervention data, and for independent samples when comparing control and intervention groups. RESULTS: A low proportion of engagement in PA and a large engagement in SB was observed on the baseline. PA decreased in the intervention group during PE classes, while it increased in the control group with regard to school-time, PE classes, and recess. The intervention group accumulated more SB during school-time and PE classes after the intervention, while a decrease in the control group's SB during school-time was observed. CONCLUSION: The intervention was not effective in increasing PA or decreasing SB. Environmental and school's organizational factors impact how interventions are conducted, and should be considered beforehand.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção sobre o engajamento em atividade física (AF) e comportamento sedentário (CS) no período escolar, em aulas de educação física (EF) e nos recreios em estudantes do sexto ao nono ano de escolas públicas de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. MÉTODOS: Duas escolas foram alocadas em grupo experimental e controle. Os participantes utilizaram acelerômetros no período escolar e o tempo em AF e CS foram estimados no período escolar, aulas de EF e recreios antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção foi composta de quatro componentes: mudanças nas aulas de EF, com formação dos professores; disponibilização de materiais esportivos no recreio; sessões educativas no formato de aulas; e distribuição de folders e cartazes com informações sobre os desfechos da intervenção. Foram empregadas análises de covariância para medidas repetidas comparando a linha de base e pós-intervenção e para amostras independentes, comparando o grupo controle com o grupo intervenção. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma baixa proporção de AF na escola na linha de base e um elevado volume de CS. O grupo intervenção diminuiu a AF em aulas de EF, enquanto o grupo controle aumentou em todos os períodos. O grupo intervenção também acumulou mais o CS no período escolar e em aulas de EF após a intervenção, enquanto o controle diminuiu o CS no período escolar. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção proposta não foi efetiva em aumentar a AF e diminuir o CS. Fatores ambientais e de organização escolar podem ter impactado os resultados e devem ser considerados no planejamento de intervenções.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of different obesity indicators (OIs) for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). A cross-sectional study involving a representative sample of 850 adult quilombolas (18 to 92 years) living in the geographic micro-region of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil, was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed between OI [body fat percentage (BF%), body adiposity index (BAI), and body mass index (BMI)] and MetS. The balance between sensitivity and specificity defined the best predictive cutoff points of OI for MetS. The three OIs were predictors of MetS (significant area under ROC curve > 0.5). Among women, BF% showed a significantly greater area under the ROC curve (0.69, 95% CI: 0.65; 0.73) than the other OIs. Among men, the areas for BF%% and BMI were the same (0.81, 95% CI: 0.76; 0.85) and were greater than that of BAI. The best OI cutoff points to identify the presence of MetS in women and men were, respectively: 24.97 and 25.36 kg/m2 for BMI, 34.30 and 26.14% for BAI, and 37.7 and 23.8% for BF%. The OIs tested are valid tools to screen for MetS in adult quilombolas when specific cutoff points for the population studied are used.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da síndrome metabólica (SM) por diferentes indicadores de obesidade (IO) em adultos quilombolas. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 850 adultos (18 à 92 anos de idade) quilombolas residentes na microrregião geográfica de Guanambi/Bahia. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) entre os IO (percentual de gordura - %G; índice de adiposidade corporal ­ IAC; índice de massa corporal ­ IMC) e a SM. O equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade definiu os melhores pontos de corte preditores da SM pelos IO. Os três IO apresentaram capacidade preditiva para SM (curva ROC significativamente > 0,5). Entre as mulheres, o %G apresentou área sob a curva ROC (0,69 - IC95%: 0,65:0,73) significativamente maior que os demais IO. Entre os homens as áreas do %G e do IMC foram iguais (0,81 - IC95%: 0,76:0,85) e maiores que a do IAC. Os melhores pontos de corte dos IO para identificar a presença da SM respectivamente em mulheres e homens foram: 24,97 e 25,36 kg/m2 para IMC, 34,30 e 26,14% para IAC e 37,7 e 23,8% para %G. Os IO testados são válidos para rastrear a SM em adultos quilombolas a partir da utilização dos pontos de corte específicos para a população estudada.

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This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of this condition and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). In a population-based study with a sample of 850 adults of both sexes, MS was determined using the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test the associations. The prevalence of MS was 25.8% (95%CI: 22.8:28.7). In multiple analysis, gender, age group, sleep quality, body mass index and fat percentage remained significantly associated (p < 0.05). In this respect, the presence of SM in adult quilombolas is associated with female gender, age ≥ 40 years, poor sleep quality, overweight, and obesity.

Este estudo buscou analisar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os fatores associados em adultos quilombolas. Estudo de base populacional com amostra de 850 adultos de ambos os sexos. A SM foi determinada pelo critério Joint Interim Statement. A regressão de Poisson foi usada para testar as associações, conforme modelo hierarquizado de análise. A prevalência de SM foi de 25,8% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%: 22,8:28,7). Na análise múltipla permaneceram associados (p < 0,05) sexo, grupo etário, qualidade do sono, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura (%G). Neste sentido, a presença da SM em adultos quilombolas se associa com o sexo feminino, faixa etária > 40 anos, má qualidade do sono, excesso de peso corporal e obesidade.

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