RESUMO
Establishing new animal models for the study of inflammation is very important in the process of discovering new drugs, since the inflammatory event is the basis of many pathological processes. Whereas rodent models have been the primary focus of inflammation research, we defend the zebrafish (Danio rerio) test as a feasible alternative for preclinical studies. Moreover, despite all the technological development already achieved by humanity, nature can still be considered a relevant source of new medicines. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of a substance isolated from the medicinal plant Annona crassilfora Mart, the peltatoside, in an inflammatory model of zebrafish. It was determined: (i) total leukocyte count in the coelomate exudate; (ii) N-acetyl-ß-d-glucuronidase (NAG); (iii) myeloperoxidase (MPO); (iv) and the histology of liver, intestine and mesentery. Peltotoside (25, 50 and 100 µg) and dexamethasone (25 µg) were administered intracelomatically (i.c.) 30 min before carrageenan (i.c.). Pretreatment with peltatoside at three doses significantly inhibited leukocyte recruitment in the coelomic cavity, and inhibited NAG and MPO activity against the action of Cg, in a similar manner as dexamethasone. However, some microlesions in the evaluated organs were detected. The dose of 25 µg showed an anti-inflammatory effect with lower undesirable effects in the tissues. Our results suggest that the zebrafish test was satisfactory in performing our analyzes and that the peltotoside has a modulatory action in reducing leukocyte migration.
Assuntos
Annona/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Glicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Glicosídeos/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The association of behavioural phenotype assessment with cytogenomic characterisation may provide a better comprehension of genotype-phenotype correlations in syndromes caused by chromosomal abnormalities, such as 18p deletion syndrome. METHOD: We report on four Brazilian patients with 18p deletion syndrome characterised by cytogenomic techniques and detailed neuropsychological evaluation. Intellectual, adaptive and behavioural characteristics were assessed through the Wechsler's Scales, the Vineland-II Scale and the Child Behaviour Checklist, respectively. Socio-economic measures including main caretaker educational level and family income as defined by Brazilian criteria for social class classification were also collected to evaluate a possible contribution of environmental factors in neurocognitive variability. RESULTS: Two out of four patients showed intellectual disability (IQ < 70). Wechsler's scale results suggest that in our sample, interpretation of social situations based on observation of non-verbal behaviour constitute a cognitive strength while judgement of social rules and language skills associated with word knowledge and verbal fluency may be a cognitive weakness. Concerning adaptive behaviour, motor and socialisation domains showed to better develop than communication and daily living skills on the Vineland-II Scale. Only one patient presented internalising behavioural problems based on the Child Behaviour Checklist. Our results also suggested that socio-economic status may contribute to overall patient development. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that some 18p deletion syndrome patients may present average intellectual performance and that the segment deletion size and some families' socio-economic conditions may influence cognitive development.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Deleção Cromossômica , Transtornos Cromossômicos , Deficiência Intelectual , Comportamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adaptação Psicológica/fisiologia , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Transtornos Cromossômicos/complicações , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Transtornos Cromossômicos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cromossômicos/psicologia , Cromossomos Humanos Par 18/genética , Feminino , Testes Genéticos , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/etiologia , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/fisiopatologia , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends in expansion of coverage of the family health strategy and hospitalization for conditions sensitive to primary care (CSPC) in a successful experience of primary healthcare expansion in Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: Ecological study with data from the Brazilian National Health Information System. METHODS: CSPC were analyzed between 1998 and 2015 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by cause groups. Trends, variation, and correlation between indicators in the period were evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the cause groups showed a reduction in hospitalization rate, particularly cardiovascular diseases and asthma, but an increase was seen for obstetric causes. The main causes of hospitalization were heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and bacterial pneumonia. The contribution of vaccine-preventable diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, and chronic lung diseases to the total number of hospitalizations was seen to decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis demonstrates that the family health strategy, as access to the healthcare system, decreases the majority of CSPC hospitalization rates.
Assuntos
Hospitalização/tendências , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Brasil , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/terapia , Sistemas de Informação em Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Pneumonia Bacteriana/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cri du Chat syndrome (CdCS) is a genetic syndrome caused by deletions in the short arm of chromosome 5. Although the main clinical features of CdCS are well known, the neurocognitive and behavioural characteristics of the phenotype are rarely described in detail in the literature. In this study, we analysed the main phenotypic features of CdCS from a parental perspective. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent to 700 Brazilian families that were registered in the Brazilian Association of CdCS. The questions involved specific domains of CdCS, such as pregnancy and birth conditions, recurrence of the disease in the family, current major health problems, and aspects of cognitive development. RESULTS: In total, 73 questionnaires were completed: 44 females and 29 males, ranging from 9.5 months old to 40 years old (mean = 13.8 years; median = 12 years). Most of the parents noticed the typical cat-like cry at birth (94.4%). The age at diagnosis of CdCS ranged from the time of birth to 180 months (mean = 14 months; median = 6 months), while one case was diagnosed during pregnancy. In all of the cases, the diagnosis of CdCS was made by G-banding karyotype analysis. In 66.2% of the cases, the parents underwent cytogenetic investigation. A total of 52.1% of the parents answered that they did not remember what the recurrence risk of CdCS was in their family. The main health problems that were reported were as follows: swallowing problems (80.3%), feeding problems (80.3%), congenital heart disease (31.5%), spine abnormalities (28.8%), and neurological symptoms (20.5%), including seizures (11%). The behavioural problems that were reported were as follows: aggressive behaviour, stereotypies, anxiety, phobias, and genital manipulation/masturbation. Neurodevelopmental delay was reported in all of the cases. Independent walking was achieved in 72.2% of the patients. Approximately 50% of the patients never presented expressive language, and most of the patients are dependent on others for their daily activities. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire was a pioneer initiative in the CdCS support group, and the answers used in this study can improve the health care assistance to these patients because they focus attention on the demands from a parental perspective. In addition, nearly half of the families stated that they did not remember information regarding recurrence risk, which reinforces the importance of genetic counselling follow-up and the need for the expansion of genetic services in Brazil.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/complicações , Síndrome de Cri-du-Chat/complicações , Síndrome de Cri-du-Chat/fisiopatologia , Nível de Saúde , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/fisiopatologia , Pais , Fenótipo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to propose a classification for unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) malformations based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, as well as to estimate the amount of bone necessary for grafting, and to evaluate the relationship of this volume with scores obtained using the classification. CBCT images of 33 subjects with UCLP were evaluated according to gap, arch, nasal, and dental parameters (GAND classification). Additionally, these defects were segmented and the amount of graft needed for alveolar bone grafting was estimated. The reproducibility of GAND classification was analyzed by weighted kappa test. The association of volume assessment with the classification (gap and nasal parameters) was verified using analysis of variance, while the intra-observer agreement was analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient. The intra-observer reproducibility of the classification ranged from 0.29 to 0.92 and the inter-observer agreement ranged from 0.29 to 0.91. There were no statistically significant values when evaluating the association of the volume with the classification (P>0.05). The GAND classification is a novel system that allows the quick estimation of the extent and complexity of the cleft. It is not possible to estimate the amount of bone needed for alveolar bone grafting based on the classification; individualized surgical planning should be done for each patient specifically.
Assuntos
Fenda Labial/diagnóstico por imagem , Fissura Palatina/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Fenda Labial/classificação , Fissura Palatina/classificação , Arco Dental/anormalidades , Arco Dental/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Nariz/anormalidades , Nariz/diagnóstico por imagem , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Anormalidades Dentárias/classificação , Anormalidades Dentárias/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to analyse the usefulness of the 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for prescribing and self-regulating high-intensity interval training (HIT) in young individuals. Eight healthy young subjects (age = 27.5±6.7 years) performed maximal graded exercise testing to determine their maximal and reserve heart rate (HR). Subjects then performed two HIT sessions (20 min on a treadmill) prescribed and regulated by their HR (HR: 1 min at 50% alternated with 1 min at 85% of reserve HR) or RPE (RPE: 1 minute at the 9-11 level [very light-fairly light] alternated with 1 minute at the 15-17 level [hard-very hard]) in random order. HR response and walking/running speed during the 20 min of exercise were compared between sessions. No significant difference between sessions was observed in HR during low- (HR: 135±15 bpm; RPE: 138±20 bpm) and high-intensity intervals (HR: 168±15 bpm; RPE: 170±18 bpm). Walking/running speed during low- (HR: 5.7±1.2 km · h(-1); RPE: 5.7±1.3 km · h(-1)) and high-intensity intervals (HR: 7.8±1.9 km · h(-1); RPE: 8.2±1.7 km · h(-1)) was also not different between sessions. No significant differences were observed in HR response and walking/running speed between HIT sessions prescribed and regulated by HR or RPE. This finding suggests that the 6-20 RPE scale may be a useful tool for prescribing and self-regulating HIT in young subjects.
RESUMO
The bark of Xylopia benthamii R.E. Fries was investigated in a search for new bioactive compounds. The ethanolic extract of the air-dried bark of X. benthamii was obtained and submitted to an acidic extraction procedure to obtain an alkaloid mixture. Chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of two aporphine alkaloids, nornantenine and laurotetanine, and a mixture of trans- and cis-feruloyltyramine, isolated for the first time in this genus. Structures were established by spectroscopic methods as NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Aporfinas/química , Casca de Planta/química , Xylopia/químicaRESUMO
Na família Annonaceae, especialmente o gênero Annona é muito apreciado por fornecer frutos comestíveis. Espécies desse gênero são utilizadas na medicina popular contra diabetes, malária e infecções. Muitas dessas atividades biológicas têm sido relacionadas às acetogeninas de anonáceas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade citotóxica dos grupos e de uma acetogenina pura (cornifolina) obtidos a partir do extrato etanólico das sementes de Annona cornifolia A. St.-Hil. (Annonaceae). Esta atividade foi avaliada pelo ensaio colorimétrico MTT. Cornifolina (1), a única substância pura testada, apresentou citotoxicidade positiva sobre todas as linhagens tumorais avaliadas. Os grupos testados, todos caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho (IV), apresentaram 68,7% dos valores de CI50 menores que 20,0 µg mL-1, sendo também considerados citotóxicos. As amostras testadas foram mais ativas que o taxol sobre melanoma humano (MeWo) e, ainda, o grupo G10-5 apresentou melhor atividade sobre fibroblasto tumorigênico de camundongo (L929). Além disso, os grupos mostraram menor citotoxidade do que o taxol sobre a linhagem normal (CHO).
The family Annonaceae, especially the genus Annona, is greatly appreciated for providing edible fruits. Species of this genus are used in folk medicine against diabetes, malaria and infections. Many of these biological activities have been related to annonaceous acetogenins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of groups and a pure acetogenin (cornifolin) obtained from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Annona cornifolia A. St.-Hil. (Annonaceae). This activity was evaluated by using MTT colorimetric assay. Cornifolin (1), the only tested substance that was pure, showed positive cytotoxicity on all evaluated tumor cell lines. The tested groups, all characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), showed 68.7% of the IC50 values lower than 20.0 µg mL-1, also considered cytotoxic. The tested samples were more active than taxol on human melanoma (MeWo) and the group G10-5 showed better activity on mouse tumorigenic fibroblast (L929). In addition, the tested groups showed less cytotoxicity than taxol on the normal line (CHO).
Assuntos
Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Annona/classificação , AcetogeninasRESUMO
It is known that people who exercise regularly are less likely to develop heart diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia decreasing the occurrence of atherosclerosis and its complications: heart failure, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. In the presence of physical exercises, the myocardium adjusts to the work loads metabolically and mechanically. There are two kinds of physical exercises: aerobic exercise and strength exercise or resistance training. Nowadays, strength exercises have become very popular due to several different reasons. Strength exercises are those performed against a specific opposing gradual resistance to muscular contraction such as weights. According to the literature, both types of exercises have effects on different body tissues. In the present work, a literature review, including scientific articles since 1980, on the effects of aerobic and strength exercises on the ventricular myocardium was conducted. The low and high-intensity strength exercises have different effects, but none of them causes major effects on the cardiovascular function chronically. The most evident alteration of the myocardium subjected to strength exercises is the increase in the cross-sectional area of the cardiac myocytes leading to myocardial hypertrophy.