RESUMO

Mosquitoes are efficient, militarily relevant vectors of infectious disease pathogens, including many RNA viruses. The vast majority of all viruses are thought to be undiscovered. Accordingly, recent studies have shown that viruses discovered in insects are very divergent from known pathogens and that many of them lack appropriate reference sequences in the public databases. Given that the majority of viruses are likely still undiscovered, environ mental sampling stands to provide much needed reference samples as well as genetic sequences for comparison. In this study, we sought to determine whether samples of mosquitoes collected from different sites (the Caribbean and locations on the US East Coast) could be differentiated using metagenomic analysis of the RNA viral fraction. We report here distinct virome profiles, even from samples collected short distances apart. In addition to profiling the previously known viruses from these samples, we detected a number of viruses that have been previously undiscovered.

RESUMO

Shigella flexneri is one of the agents most frequently linked to diarrheal illness in developing countries and often causes outbreaks in settings with poor hygiene or sanitary conditions. Travel is one of the means by which S. flexneri can be imported into developed countries, where this pathogen is not commonly seen. A robust and discriminatory subtyping method is needed for the surveillance of S. flexneri locally and regionally, and to aid in the detection and investigation of outbreaks. The PulseNet International network utilizes standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols to carry out laboratory-based surveillance of foodborne pathogens in combination with epidemiologic data. A multicenter validation was carried out in nine PulseNet laboratories located in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, and it demonstrated that a new protocol is highly robust and reproducible for subtyping of S. flexneri. This protocol, already approved for PulseNet laboratories, applies NotI and XbaI as primary and secondary restriction enzymes, respectively, under electrophoresis conditions of initial switch time of 5 s to final switch time of 35 s, at 6 volts/cm.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although antimicrobial therapy of leptospirosis has been studied in a few randomized controlled clinical studies, those studies were limited to specific regions of the world and few have characterized infecting strains. A broth microdilution technique for the assessment of antibiotic susceptibility has been developed at Brooke Army Medical Center. In the present study, we assessed the susceptibilities of 13 Leptospira isolates (including recent clinical isolates) from Egypt, Thailand, Nicaragua, and Hawaii to 13 antimicrobial agents. Ampicillin, cefepime, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were found to have MICs below the lower limit of detection (0.016 microg/ml). Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem-cilastatin, penicillin G, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin had MIC(90)s between 0.030 and 0.125 microg/ml. Doxycycline and tetracycline had the highest MIC(90)s: 2 and 4 microg/ml, respectively. Doxycycline and tetracycline were noted to have slightly higher MICs against isolates from Egypt than against strains from Thailand or Hawaii; otherwise, the susceptibility patterns were similar. There appears to be possible variability in susceptibility to some antimicrobial agents among strains, suggesting that more extensive testing to look for geographic variability should be pursued.

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RESUMO

Se estudian 18 pacientes de la semana 13 a 40 de gestación con mediciones del DBP por ultrasonido cada 2 semanas. Se obtuvieron 142 mediciones con un promedio de 5 mediciones para cada semana de gestación. Los análisis estadísticos incluyen la presentación tabulada de datos, análisis de varianza, determinación de las constantes de la regresión lineal (coeficiente de regresión e intercepción de la ordenada) y correlación lineal

Assuntos

RESUMO

Con nuestra casuistica de 18 pacientes en que se evaluó el DBP, se estudió la LONGITUD FEMORAL de la semana 15 a la 40 con un total de 132 mediciones y un promedio de 5 mediciones para cada semana de gestación. Se expone la tabla y curva promedio de crecimiento fetal de la L.F. El objetivo fue ampliar a otro parámetro nuestro estudio que nos permitia diagnosticar alteraciones del crecimiento fetal con mayor seguridad. Se aplico igualmente la ecuación de regresión: a: es la Constante Cronológica y se refiere al inicio de la gestación. b: es la Tasa Logaritmica de Crecimiento y se refiere al ritmo de crecimiento. Igualmente con 2 mediciones tomadas con mínimo de 2 semanas de diferencia se supera la variabilidad. El nivel de seguranza es del 99%. Con la ecuación obtenida: Si la Constante Cronológica es menos de -13.3(mínimo -13.5) se trata de un Error Cronológico. Si la Tasa de Crecimiento es menor de 12.9 (mínimo 12.2) se tratará de un RCI. Los valores aumentados tampoco les dimos valor y no han sido estudiados. Se presentan los 2 casos de Error Cronológico y los 2 casos de Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal en que igualmente se demuestran las alteraciones de los valores de las constantes de nuestra ecuación de regresión. El repetirse en ambos parámetros del DBP y la L. F. las mismas alteraciones en nuestra fórmula nos demuestra la eficacia de la misma y la posibilidad de su utilización con el adecuado recurso tecnológico

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RESUMO

Se estudian en 40 pacientes el DBP bisemanal por ultrasonografía entre las semanas 13 y 40, con 466 mediciones. Se presenta la curva promedio de crecimiento fetal. El análisis estadístico de esa curva logarítmica de la siguiente ecuación: Log X (semanas) = Y (DBP) + 15.29/15.80. Esta ecuación ajusta los valores a todas y cada una de las semanas de la gestación con exactitud-r 0.998. Este tipo de análisis puede aplicarse a otras curvas obtenidas por otras metodologías, pudiendo también integrarse la ecuación a un sistema computarizado para automatizar los resultados

Assuntos