RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a cost analysis of remote consultations (teleconsultations) compared to in-person consultations for patients with type 2 diabetes, in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) in the city of Joinville, Santa Catarina (SC). In addition to the costs from the local manager's perspective, the article also presents estimates from the patient's perspective, based on the transportation costs associated with each type of consultation. METHOD: Data were collected from 246 consultations, both remote and in-person, between 2021 and 2023, in the context of a randomized clinical trial on the impact of teleconsultation carried out in the city of Joinville, SC. Teleconsultations were carried out at Primary Health Units (PHU) and in-person consultations at the Specialized Health Center. The consultation costs were calculate by the method time and activity-based costing (TDABC), and for the estimate of transportation costs data was collected directly from the research participants . The mean costs and time required to carry out each type of consultation in different scenarios and perspectives were analyzed and compared descriptively. RESULTS: Considering only the local SUS manager's perspective, the costs for carrying out a teleconsultation were 4.5% higher than for an in-person consultation. However, when considering the transportation costs associated with each patient, the estimated value of the in-person consultation becomes 7.7% higher and, in the case of consultations in other municipalities, 15% higher than the teleconsultation. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the incorporation of teleconsultation within the SUS can bring economic advantages depending on the perspective and scenario considered, in addition to being a strategy with the potential to increase access to specialized care in the public network.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, Consulta Remota, Humanos, Consulta Remota/economia, Consulta Remota/métodos, Brasil, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/economia, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia, Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia, Masculino, Custos e Análise de Custo, Feminino, Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos, Análise Custo-BenefícioRESUMO
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) account for 72% of the causes of death in Brazil. In 2013, 54 million Brazilians reported having at least one NCD. The implementation of e-Health in the Unified Health System (SUS) could fill gaps in access to health in primary health care (PHC). OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate telehealth strategies carried out within the scope of the Institutional Development Support Program of the Unified Health System (PROADI-SUS) and developed by Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, between 2018 and 2021, on evaluation, supply, and problem-solving capacity for patients with NCDs. METHODOLOGY: a prospective and descriptive study of three projects in the telehealth areas, using document analysis. The Brasil Redes project used availability, implementation, and cost-effectiveness analysis, TELEconsulta Diabetes is a randomized clinical trial, and Regula Mais Brasil is focused on the waiting list for regulation of specialties. All those strategies were developed within the scope of the SUS. RESULTS: 161 patients were attended by endocrinology teleconsultation in one project and another two research projects, one evaluating Brazil's Telehealth Network Program, and another evaluating effectiveness and safety of teleconsultation in patients with diabetes mellitus referred from primary care to specialized care in SUS. Despite the discrepancy in the provision of telehealth services in the country, there was an increase in access to specialized care on the three projects and especially on the Regula Mais Brasil Collaborative project; we observed a reduction on waiting time and favored distance education processes. CONCLUSION: the three projects offered subsidies for decision-making by the Ministry of Health in e-Health and two developed technologies that could be incorporated into SUS.
Assuntos
Doenças não Transmissíveis, Telemedicina, Brasil/epidemiologia, Humanos, Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia, Doenças não Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) offers universal health coverage, access to quality care is often limited by social inequality and location. Although telemedicine has been shown to be an important tool in the efforts to overcome this problem, because it can provide access to specialist care and break the geographical barriers to health care, there are no national studies demonstrating its use in public health. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the hypothesis that remote consultation can be as effective as standard face-to-face consultation for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Brazilian public health system and to assess the associated costs related to teleconsultation in public health scenarios, for patients referred from Primary Health Care units of the SUS for specialist care. METHODS: This is a pragmatic, phase 2, unicentric, open-label, noninferiority, blinded allocation, data-blinded, centrally randomized clinical trial. The inclusion criteria will be adults, both sexes, ≥18 years old, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥8%. Outcomes will be evaluated by assessing symptoms, laboratory exams, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, adverse events, and satisfaction level for 6 months. The costs of the teleconsultation will be assessed using the time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) method to compare the costs with the face-to-face consultations. The noninferiority margin was set at 0.5%. Assuming an SD of 1.3% for both groups, true difference between the means of zero, and a type I error level of 5% (one-sided), it was estimated that 117 individuals per group would be necessary to achieve 90% power. Statistical analysis of the efficacy will be done using intention-to-treat and per-protocol approaches. RESULTS: The results from this trial will be reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. The trial was approved by the institutional review board on October 5, 2019. Data collection started in January 2019 and is expected to finish in 2022. At the time of manuscript submission, 18 participants were recruited. CONCLUSIONS: Our expectations are that providing remote access to health care will result in improvements in the health and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes and reduce costs and that both patients and clinicians will benefit from and be satisfied with this technology. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos RBR-8gpgyd; https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8gpgyd. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/23679.
RESUMO
Abstract Objective: to present an evaluation model for developing effective indicators for the Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) (Sanitary and Health Surveillance) actions in Brazil. Methods: an exploratory, evaluative study from primary sources data - electronic form by key informants and reports on national, international and secondary benchmarking visits - documental analysis. Results: the diversity of VISA management practices made it possible to define the evaluation object: Health Surveillance Actions - as an organized action system. The components: management; regulation; sanitary and health control; sanitary and health risk monitoring and information, communication and health education were derived from the aims of the intervention and composes a central structure of the Theoretical Model and the Logical Model Actions of VISA in the Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (SNVS) (National Sanitary and Health Surveillance System) . Conclusions: The Vigilância Sanitária (VISA) (Sanitary and Health Surveillance) accumulates experience with the process indicators for monitoring actions, being incipient are capable of evaluating its impact. The theoretical resources in the evaluation area support the information management in the VISA field and besides contributing for studies on social determinants and the incorporation of analyses in historic series.
Resumo Objetivos: apresenta-se a modelagem avaliativa para a construção de indicadores de efetividade das ações de vigilância sanitária (VISA) no Brasil. Métodos: estudo avaliativo exploratório, com dados de fontes primárias - formulário eletrônico com informantes-chave e relatórios de visitas de benchmarking nacional e internacional e secundárias - análises documentais. Resultados: a diversidade das práticas nas instâncias gestoras da VISA possibilitou a definição do objeto de avaliação: Ações de Vigilância Sanitária -, enquanto um sistema organizado de ação. Os componentes: gestão; regulação; controle sanitário; monitoramento do risco sanitário e informação, comunicação e educação para a saúde originam-se dos objetivos da intervenção e compõem a estrutura central do Modelo Teórico e do Modelo Lógico das Ações de VISA no âmbito do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Conclusões: a VISA acumula experiência com indicadores de processos para monitoramento das ações, sendo incipientes aqueles capazes de avaliar o seu impacto. Os recursos teóricos da área da avaliação apoiam a gestão da informação no campo da VISA, para além da contribuição de estudos sobre os determinantes sociais e a incorporação de análises de séries históricas.
Assuntos
Efetividade, Vigilância Sanitária, Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde, Serviços de Vigilância Sanitária, Avaliação em Saúde, Brasil, Estudo de Avaliação, Sistema Nacional de Vigilância em SaúdeRESUMO
Este projeto de pesquisa tem como: Objetivo geral: Avaliar as repercussões da expansão da Atenção Básica em municípios em Gestão Plena do Sistema Único de Saúde, selecionados no Estado de São Paulo e objetivos específicos: a) Identificar as diretrizes políticas no nível municipal que impulsionaram a expansão da Atenção Básica e dos outros níveis de complexidade da atenção do sistema municipal; b) Analisar a demanda por procedimentos ambulatoriais especializados e de alta complexidade, gerada pela expansão da Atenção Básica. A metodologia utilizada foi Estudo de Caso, pois possibilita conhecer o fenômeno, adequadamente, a partir da exploração intensa de um único caso. Utiliza-se de abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. Para interpretação dos dados qualitativos, a técnica empregada foi Análise de Conteúdo. Este projeto de pesquisa apresentou os seguintes resultados: A expansão da Atenção Básica, por meio da Estratégia Saúde da Família, é motivada pelo desejo de mudança na Atenção Básica e tem como objetivo a reorganização do Sistema de Saúde Local; A expansão da Atenção Básica trouxe repercussões para o sistema, que não foram contempladas no "planejamento" inicial, tais como: O despreparo dos profissionais e a alta rotatividade, colocando em risco a sustentabilidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família e reorganização da rede de serviços de Saúde; maior demanda por serviços de média e alta complexidade.
