RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Virola oleifera (Schott) A.C. Smith, Myristicaceae, has been widely used in traditional medicine in Brazil to treat rheumatic pain, joint tumours, skin diseases, halitosis, bronchial asthma, haemorrhoids, and intestinal worms. Recently, research data showed the antioxidant properties in several oxidative stress-related models. However, there is no experimental evidence supporting its potential use in managing rheumatic diseases and bone malignancies. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the therapeutic potential of the resin from Virola oleifera in joint and bone diseases, namely arthritis, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and multiple myeloma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine Virola oleifera resin (VO) effects on arthritis-associated inflammation and cartilage degradation, the LPS-induced NO production, and mRNA and protein expression of ADAMTS5, MMP13, COL2, and ACAN, were evaluated in chondrocytes (ATDC5 and TC28 cell lines). The cytotoxic effects of VO (0.05-50 µg/ml) on multiple myeloma (ARH-77), osteosarcoma (SAOS-2), and chondrosarcoma (SW-1353) cell lines were analysed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The VO effects, combined with dexamethasone or bortezomib, were evaluated in a multiple myeloma cell line. The mechanisms of VO, alone or in combination with bortezomib, were determined by cell cycle analysis through flow cytometry, while expression levels of p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK/ERK, p-p38/p38 MAPK, Bax, Bcl-2, and cleaved-caspase-3/caspase-3 proteins by Western blot. RESULTS: VO had no significant effect on LPS-induced NO production in chondrocytes at non-cytotoxic concentrations. VO treatment diminished the mRNA levels of metalloproteinases and ECM components; however, any significant effect was observed on the protein expression levels. The cell viability of a multiple myeloma cell line was strongly reduced by VO treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cell lines viability was significantly affected only by the highest dose assessed. In multiple myeloma cells, VO leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, it synergizes with dexamethasone by increasing cell toxicity. Finally, VO reverts bortezomib activity by counteracting ERK1/2, Bax, and caspase-3 activation. CONCLUSIONS: The current work supports the ethnopharmacological use of Virola oleifera (Schott) A.C. Smith in bone and joint diseases, but there is no evidence for the amelioration of arthritis-associated inflammatory or catabolic processes. Our data also supports the potential use of Virola oleifera as adjuvant therapy to optimize the pharmacologic effects of current chemotherapeutic drugs. However, possible herb-drug interactions should be considered before clinical application.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/tratamento farmacológico , Myristicaceae/química , Resinas Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/farmacologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Brasil , Cartilagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Interações Ervas-Drogas , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , CamundongosRESUMO
Objetivo: conocer el funcionamiento familiar en familias que tienen un niño con retardo mental, segun la teoría de David Olson, a través de la dimensión de adaptabilidad y cohesión, el tipo de funcionamiento familiar, entre las cuales están el balanceado, medio y externo. Material y métodos: tipo descriptivo - transversal con una población total de 42 cuidadores de niños con diagnóstico médico de retardo mental, que estudian en la Institución educativa especial Divina Misericordia en el distrito de villa El Salvador, en el año escolar 2010. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario para obtener las características socioeconómicas familiares, compuesto por 7 preguntas, y la escala de evaluación familiar FACES III, diseñado y aplicado por David Olson, compuesto por 20 preguntas, 10 de las cuales pertenecen a la dimensión de cohesión y las 10 restantes pertenecen a la dimensión de adaptabilidad. Los cuestionarios fueron respondidos por las madres de los niños con retardo mental. El programa escogido para el procedimiento de datos del estudio fue Excel V.2007 de Windows Vista. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos indican que casi la mitad de la población estudiada (48%), muestra un funcionamiento familiar de rango medio. Según cohesión se observó que el mayor porcentaje de las familias pertenecía a cohesión media, siendo familias semirrelacionada en un total de 38%. Según adaptabilidad se obtuvo que el 42.9% de las familias son altamente caóticas. Conclusiones: El funcionamiento familiar en familias que tienen un niño con retardo mental es de rango medio. Con respecto al funcionamiento familiar según la cohesión la población presentó un nivel medio A, la cual representa a familias tipo semirrelacionadas. Según adaptabilidad se observó que el mayor porcentaje de las familias resultaron caóticas.
Objetive: Meet family functioning in families with a child with mental retardation, according to the theory of David Olson, through the dimension of adaptability and cohesión, the type of family functioning, among which are the balanced, middle an outer. Material and Methods: Descriptive - cross with a total population of 42 caregivers of children with a medical diagnosis of mental retardation, studying in the special Divine Mercy Educational Institution in the district of Villa El Salvador, in the 2010 school year for data collection was applied a questionnaire for family socioeconomic characteristics, consisting of 7 questions, and family assessment scale FACE III, designed and implemented by David Olson, composed of 20 questions, 10 of which belong to the dimension of cohesion and the remaining 10 are the dimension of adaptability. The questionnaires were answered by mothers of children with mental retardation. The method chosen for the program of study data was Excel v.2007 for Windows Vista. Results: The results indicate that almost half of the study population (48%) shows a midrange family functioning. According cohesion was observed that the highest percentage of families belonged to average cohesion being semirrelacionada families in a total of 38%. According adaptability was obtained 42.9% of families are highly chaotic. Conclusions. Family functioning in families who have a child with mental retardation is midrange. With respect to family functioning as cohesion population had a mean level A, which represents families semirrelacionadas type. According adaptability was observed that the highest percentage of families were chaotic.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adaptação a Desastres , Família , Crianças com Deficiência , Crianças com Deficiência/psicologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades físicas y nutricionales de las harinas extrudidas de plátano verde, ocumo chino o taro y sus mezclas con maíz, para diversificar la producción y el uso potencial en la agroindustria. El plan de investigación se realizó con un extrusor de laboratorio, tipo monotornillo a una temperatura de alimentación 75 ºC, temperatura del barril y de la matriz 180 ºC, velocidad del tornillo 120 rpm y 16 por ciento en el contenido de humedad de las harinas. Bajo estas condiciones, se obtuvo a partir de la harina de plátano verde un extrudido de alta densidad y bajo índice de expansión, mientras que con las mezclas por separado de la harina de ocumo chino y de plátano verde con un 80 por ciento de la harina de maíz blanco, resultaron extrudidos con baja densidad y alto índice de expansión, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p< 0,05) en las medidas del color (L). Con relación a la composición nutricional, se determino que todos los extrudidos presentaron un alto contenido de almidón resistente (22 por ciento) y variaciones en el contenido de fibra dietética en el intervalo de 8,4 por ciento a 2,88 por ciento. En conclusión los extrudidos de plátano verde por su aporte en almidón resistente, fibra dietética y una digestión lenta del almidón, se podrían recomendar en alimentos precocidos para regimenes especiales de alimentación. La obtención de extrudidos de ocumo chino permitiría diversificar el uso potencial de este rubro en la industria de alimentos.
The object of the present study, was to evaluate the physical and nutritional properties of the extruded flours ofgreen plantain, taro, and their mixture with corn, to diversify the production and the potential use in the agro industry The researching plan was made with a laboratory extruder single screwed type; to a feeding temperature of 75 ºC, barrel and matrix temperature of 180 ºC, screw speed of 120 rpm, and an humidity content of 16 percent in the flours. Under these conditions, it was obtained an green plantain flour based extrusion, of high density and low ratio of expansion; in the meantime, the separated mixtures of taro and green plantain with an 80 percent white corn flour, gave as results extrudates with low density and high level of expansion, and statistically significant differences were found (p< 0,05) in the color measure (L). In relation with the nutritional composition, it was determined that all the extrudates presented a high content of resistant starch (22 percent), and variations in the content of dietary fiber in the interval from 8,4 percent to 2,88 percent. Finally, the green plantain extrudates, for their contribution in resistant starch, dietary fiber and slow digestion of starch; could be recommended in precooked foods for special nutrition regimes. The obtention of taro extrudates, would allow to diversify the potential use of this product in the food industry.