RESUMO
The Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis Multicenter Study (BRAZPD) was launched in December 2004 aiming to collect data monthly and continuously from a representative cohort, allowing for a continuous snapshot of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) reality in the country. This is an observational study of PD patients comprising follow-up from December 2004 to February 2007 (mean follow-up of 13.6 months-ranging from 1 to 26 months) in 114 Brazilian centers. All centers report data through a central web-based database. After an initial baseline retrospective data collection, all patients are followed prospectively every month until they drop out from the PD program. Total number of patients recruited until February 2007 was 3226 (2094 incident patients). Mean age was 54+/-19 years (37% above 65 years old), with 55% females and 64% Caucasians. The more frequent causes of renal failure were diabetic nephropathy (34%), renal vascular disease associated with hypertension (26%), and glomerulopathies (13%). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (76%), diabetes (36%), and ischemic heart disease (23%). Automated PD (APD) was the modality utilized in 53%. The estimated overall peritonitis rate was 1 episode per 30 patient-months (most frequently due to Staphylococcus aureus). The total dropout rate was 33%, mainly due to deaths, whereas 20% of dropouts were due to renal transplant. The gross mortality was 17.6% and the main causes of mortality were cardiovascular diseases (40%) and infections (15%). The initial results of this first Brazilian PD registry provide a unique opportunity to develop future clinical studies addressing specific PD questions in the Brazilian reality and context.
Assuntos
Diálise Peritoneal/métodos , Insuficiência Renal/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Estudos de Coortes , Escolaridade , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Insuficiência Renal/mortalidade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
In 1998 there was a large outbreak of acute glomerulonephritis (GN) in Nova Serrana, Brazil, caused by group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus and linked to the consumption of contaminated cheese produced with unpasteurized milk. This study describes the follow-up of these patients after a mean of 2 years following the acute episode. Of 134 patients identified in 1998, 69 patients were reexamined and underwent measurements of blood pressure, 24-hour creatinine clearance, microalbuminuria (radioimmunoassay), and urine sediment analysis. Of the original group of 134 patients, 3 patients died in the acute phase and 5 patients (3.7%) required chronic dialysis. Of 69 patients reevaluated, 65 patients (94%) were adults (mean age, 39 +/- 2 [SE] years) and 47 patients (68%) were women. At the follow-up examination, we found arterial hypertension in 42% of subjects (27 of 64 subjects), serum creatinine levels greater than 1.2 mg/dL in 12% (10 of 68 subjects), reduced creatinine clearance (<80 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) in 30% (20 of 67 subjects, 2 of them on chronic dialysis therapy), and increased microalbuminuria (>20 microg/min) in 34% (22 of 65 subjects). Increased microalbuminuria and/or reduced creatinine clearance were detected in 48% of the subjects (31 of 65 subjects). Patients with microalbuminuria had greater diastolic blood pressure than those without microalbuminuria (mean, 98 +/- 4 versus 88 +/- 2 mm Hg; P = 0.02). In conclusion, after a mean of 2 years, patients with epidemic poststreptococcal GN caused by S zooepidemicus present a high rate of hypertension and frequent abnormalities of renal function, with some having reached end-stage renal disease. Longer follow-up will be important to define the prognosis of these patients.
Assuntos
Albuminúria/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Glomerulonefrite/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Streptococcus equi/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Queijo/microbiologia , Criança , Comorbidade , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Glomerulonefrite/terapia , Hematúria/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Diálise Renal/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/terapia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of nephritis have been rare since the 1970s. From December, 1997, to July, 1998, 253 cases of acute nephritis were identified in Nova Serrana, Brazil. Seven patients required dialysis, and three patients died. We did a case-control study to investigate the cause of the outbreak. METHODS: Using a matched cluster design, we examined seven recent patients, their family members (n=23), and members of neighbourhood-matched control households (n=22). We subsequently interviewed 50 patients and 50 matched controls about exposure to various dairy products. We also cultured dairy foods and took udder-swab and milk samples from cows. FINDINGS: Throat cultures indicated that nephritis was associated with group C Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a cause of bovine mastitis. S. zooepidemicus was detected in four of seven case households (six of 30 people) and no control households (p=0.09). Patients were more likely than matched controls to have consumed a locally produced cheese called queijo fresco (matched odds ratio 2.1, p=0.05). The nephritis attack rate was 4.5 per 1000 in Nova Serrana but 18 per 1000 in the village Quilombo do Gaia (p=0.003). The largest supplier of unpasteurized queijo fresco was a farm in Quilombo do Gaia. S. zooepidemicus was not detected in food samples or in swabs collected from cows in August, 1998, although mastitis was evident among cows on the suspected farm. Throat cultures of the two women who prepared cheese on this farm yielded the outbreak strain of S. zooepidemicus. After the cheese was removed from the distribution system, no further cases were reported. INTERPRETATION: A large outbreak of glomerulonephritis was attributed to S. zooepidemicus in unpasteurised cheese. This outbreak highlights the dangers of consuming unpasteurized dairy products and need for global efforts to promote food safety.