RESUMO
En esta nota micológica, se comentan los aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos y fisiológicos de la especie fúngica Stenocephalopsis subalutacea, la cual fue aislada desde el aire del museo de historia natural de Valparaíso, Chile. Se confirma su identificación mediante observación de las características morfológicas.
In this mycological note, we discuss taxonomical, ecological and physiological aspects of Stenocephalopsis subalutacea fungus. This species was isolated from the air of the Natural History Museum of Valparaíso, Chile. We confirms its identification through morphology characteristic observation.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Museus , Fungos Mitospóricos/classificação , Fungos Mitospóricos/isolamento & purificação , Fungos Mitospóricos/fisiologia , ChileRESUMO
Los géneros fúngicos Bipolaris y Curvularia,incluyen numerosas especies fitopatógenas,saprotrofas y algunas oportunistas emergentes enel ser humano como en otros animales. La distribuciónecológica de ambos taxas es cosmopolita enla gran mayoría de sus integrantes, encontrándosefrecuentemente en hojas, tallos y raíces de diferentespastos, en especial Poaceae, pero tambiénen una gran variedad de dicotiledoneas, aire y sueloen todos los continentes. Cochliobolus, Bipolarisy Curvularia integran un complejo de especiestaxonómicamente confuso, debido a los constantescambios en la nomenclatura de algunos de sus integrantesasexuales (Bipolaris y Curvularia), loscuales se han diferenciado principalmente en basea la morfología de sus conidios, situación a vecesmuy dificultosa debido a que en ambos génerosalgunas especies presentan similares característicasconidiales. Una cuidadosa identificación y unanominación precisa de las especies es crucial parael acceso a la información referente en la literaturamoderna, que gracias a la biología molecularha resuelto muchas de las dudas de la taxonomíabasada solo en el fenotipo.Las especies de ambos géneros (principalmenteCurvularia) pueden afectar a pacientesinmunocomprometidos e inmunocompetentes,en especial B. cynodontis, C. australiensis C.hawaiensis y C. spicifera, causando cuadros clínicosdiversos ya sea superficiales o profundos enmuchas áreas geográficas...
The fungal genera Bipolaris and Curvularia,include numerous plant pathogenic species,saprophitic and some emerging opportunistic inman and other animals. The ecological distributionof both taxa is cosmopolitan in the vast majority ofits members, often being in leaves, stems and rootsof different grasses, especially Poaceae, but also ina variety of dicotyledonous, air and soil on all continents. Cochliobolus, Bipolaris and Curvulariaintegrate a complex of species taxonomically confusingdue to the constant changes in the nomenclatureof some of its asexual members (Bipolarisand Curvularia), which are differentiated mainlybased on the morphology of its conidia, a situationsometimes very difficult because in both generaconidial of some species have similar characteristics. Careful identification and a precise nominationof species is crucial for access to informationconcerning in modern literature, actually thanks tomolecular biology has solved many of the doubtsof taxonomy based only on the phenotype.The species of both genera (mainly Curvularia)can affect immunocompetent or debilitatepatients, especially B. cynodontis, C. australiensis,C. hawaiensis and C.spicifera, causing varioussuperficial or systemic clinical cases in manygeographic areas...
Assuntos
Esporos Fúngicos/citologia , Fungos Mitospóricos/classificação , Fungos Mitospóricos/genética , Fungos Mitospóricos/patogenicidade , Fungos Mitospóricos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Los integrantes del género Microascus y su anamorfo Scopulariopsis, incluyen especies fúngicas comunes del suelo, excrementos, ambientes internos y algunas reconocidas como oportunistas en los animales, incluyendo al hombre. La sola morfología del género no siempre permite un buen diagnóstico a pesar de su utilidad cuando se presentan los anamorfos o teleomorfos o ambos. Sin embargo, la biología molecular ha permitido el análisis de muchos aislados clínicos, contribuyendo con nuevos aportes y nuevas combinaciones taxonómicas en la literatura actual. Este trabajo, reune lo más actual sobre estos géneros comunes en salud pública, aportando claves morfofisiológicas útiles para su reconocimiento primario en los laboratorios clínicos de baja complejidad.
Members of the genus Microascus and their anamorph Scopulariopsis, include common fungal species of soil, droppings, indoor environments and some recognized opportunistic in animals, including humans. The morphology of the genus alone is not always sufficient for a proper diagnosis despite its usefulness when anamorphs or teleomorphs or both are present. However, molecular biology has allowedthe analysis of many clinical isolates, contributing with new imput and new taxonomic combinations in the current literature. This work brings together the latest on these genera in pubblic health, providing a primary key for useful morphophysiological determination in clinical laboratory of low complexity.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fungos Mitospóricos , Scopulariopsis/classificação , Scopulariopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Scopulariopsis/fisiologia , Scopulariopsis/patogenicidade , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Las especies del género Aspergillus P.Micheli ex Haller, son consideradas como importantes organismos integrantes de la microbiota en distintos tipos de suelos en todas las latitudes. Presentan grandes capacidades fermentativas industriales, son agentes comunes en microbiología de alimentos, grandes biodescomponedores junto a las bacterias, contaminantes de productos agrícolas y de importancia en salud humana y animal. El género se asocia a 9 o más teleomorfos, formando un clado monofilético estrechamente relacionado con el género Penicillium. Debido al elevado número de especies, su dinámica taxonómica y sus frecuentes cambios en la nomenclatura, han complicado a menudo al investigador en algún campo de la biología, en especial cuando éste guarda relación con la industria o la medicina. Estos hongos productores de grandes cantidad de esporas secas de dispersión aérea, constituyen una fuente constante de exposición para los humanos, especialmente en los ambientes internos. Si bien es cierto, que los integrantes del género Aspergillus (en especial A. fumigatus) pueden causar un amplio espectro de enfermedades invasoras o no invasoras, la incidencia de otras especies del género reportadas en la literatura como agentes de aspergilosis, ha aumentado y complicado el trabajo taxonómico, genético y clínico en los últimos decenios. La presente revisión abarca el tema desde un punto de vista primario que incluye básicamente la morfofisiología de 34 especies involucradas en diversos casos clínicos geográficamente dispersos en todos los continentes. Se destacan algunos aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos, patológicos, moleculares y el empleo de cultivos comunes en el diagnóstico en 3 de los subgéneros más frecuentes en clínica (Fumigati, Circumdati y Nidulantes) y 7 de sus secciones: Fumigati, Clavati, Nigri, Flavi, Terrei, Nidulantes y Usti...
Species of the genus Aspergillus P.Micheli ex Haller, are considered important members of the organisms of mycrobiota in different tipes of soils in all latitudes. They prsent large industrial fermentative capacity, are common agents in food microbiology, major biodeterioration agents with bacteria, contaminants in agricultural products, and important in human and animal health. The genus is associated with 9 or more teleomorphs, forming a monophyletic clade closely related to the genus Penicillium. Due to the high number of species, their taxonomic dynamic and frequent changes in nomenclature have often complicated the researcher in any field of biology, especially when related to industry or medicine. These fungi producing large amount of dry spores of aerial dispersion, and they are a constant source of exposure for humans, especially in indoor environments. While it is true, that members of the genus Aspergillus (especially A. fumigatus) can cause a wide spectrum invasive or non-invasive disease, the incidence of other species of the genus reported in the literature as agents of aspergillosis has increased and complicated the taxonomic, genetic and clinical work in recent decades. The present review covers the topic from a primary morphophysiology view and basically includes 34 species involved in various clinical cases geographically dispersed in all continents. It highlights some taxonomic, ecological, pathological and molecular aspects and the use of common culture media in the diagnosis in 3 of the most common clinical subgenera (Fumigati, Circumdati and Nidulantes) and 7 sections: Fumigati, Clavati, Nigri, Flavi, Terrei, Nidulantes and Usti...
Assuntos
Humanos , Aspergillus/classificação , Aspergillus/fisiologia , Aspergillus/patogenicidade , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Aspergilose/epidemiologia , Esporos Fúngicos , Meios de Cultura , Fungos , Micotoxinas , Penicillium , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
En estas notas micológicas, se comentan los aspectos taxonómicos, ecológicos fisiológicos y moleculares de 2 especies fúngicas filamentosas oportunistas en humanos tales como: Tritirachium oryzae y Paecilomyces formosus, poco conocidas en su distribución en Chile. Almismo tiempo se aportan datos recientes de la literatura referentes a la distribución y patología de los nuevos integrantes de de la sección Fumigati de Aspergillus, con énfasis en el complejo A. viridinutans, un grupo de especiemorfológicamente similares y generalmente oportunista en humanos y animales, las cuales no han sido biendefinidas en la últimas décadas.
In these notes, taxonomic, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects are discussed of two opportunisticfilamentous fungal species in humans, such as Tritirachium oryzae and Paecilomyces formosus, little known in its distribution in Chile. While recent literature data concerning the distribution and pathology of the newmembers of the Aspergillus section Fumigati contribute, emphasizing the complex A. viridinutans, a group ofmorphologically similar species and generally opportunistic in humans and animals did, which have not been welldefined in recent decades.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aspergillus fumigatus , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/fisiologia , Fungos/patogenicidade , Micoses , ChileRESUMO
Exophiala es un género fúngico poco común, conocido como integrante de las levaduras negras y sus respectivas formas filamentosas que pertenece al orden Chaetothyriales. Estos hongos son causantes de cromoblastomicosis o diferentes tipos de faeohifomicosis en pacientes sanos o con compromiso inmune (cutáneas, subcutáneas, diseminadas y quistes de faeohifomicosis). Sus miembros son a menudo difíciles de clasificar a nivel de especie solo por métodos fenéticos, debido a su polimorfismo en cultivo y la gran diversidad molecular que exhiben, la cual se confirma en la revisión de la literatura en estos últimos 15 años. El objetivo de este estudio, se basa en la descripción y recopilación de las especies más comunes del género, presente en ambientes diversos y específicos, con especial atención a los principales aportes morfo fisiológicos útiles en su diagnóstico en un laboratorio de baja complejidad, sin olvidar que debido a su alto polimorfismo y la aparente similitud entre especie, el micólogo debe confirmar su hallazgo mediante el envío de su cepa a un laboratorio de referencia internacional para evitar el subdiagnóstico.
Exophiala is an uncommon fungic genus, known as integrant of black yeast and its filamentous relatives that belong to the Chaetothyriales order. This fungi produce cromoblastomicosis or different kinds of phaeohyfomycosis in healthy patients or immunocompromissed patients (cutaneous, subcutaneous, scattered and phaeohyfomycosiss cysts). Its members are often hard to classify to species by only using phenetics methods, because they present polimorfisms in culture and shows great molecular diversity, wich is confirmed in the review of literature in the last 15 years. The aim of this study is the description and recopilation of the most common species of the genus, that is present in a variety or specific enviroments, with special enphasis onto the principal morfophysiologic contributions that are usefull to diagnose in a low complexity laboratory, given its high polymorfism and similar look between species, the mycologist must confirm its strain by sending it to an international reference laboratory in order to avoid underdiagnosis.
Assuntos
Exophiala/isolamento & purificação , Exophiala/classificação , Exophiala/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Exophiala/genética , Exophiala/patogenicidade , Fungos , MicosesRESUMO
El complejo Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium y taxas relacionados, pertenecientes a un grupo de microhongos con conidios viscosos e integrantes del orden Microascales, se presentan en diversos ambientes comunes asociados a las actividades humanas, ya sea en el suelo como en aguas contaminadas. Actualmente se consideran entre los mayores grupos de hongos filamentosos oportunistas causante de infecciones cutáneas y profundas en el hombre y otros mamíferos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo, consiste en reunir los datos primarios morfofisiológicos más relevantes, útiles para el micólogo médico en el laboratorio, con el aporte adicional de algunos aspectos, biológicos, ecológicos, taxonómicos y moleculares complementarios descritos en la literatura moderna.
The Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium complex and their related taxa are a group of fungus that conidia are presents in viscous mass and belong to the order Microascales. They are in several common enviroment related to human activities either in soil as in contaminated water. Nowadays they are considerated one of the most opportunistic group of filamentous fungus that may cause superficial and deep skin mycoses infections in man and other mammalian. The aim of this work is to gather the primary relevant morphophysiological aspects, usefull to the medical mycologist in the laboratory, plus the contribution of some of biological, ecological, taxonomical and moleculars complementary aspects that are describe in modern literature.
Assuntos
Dermatomicoses , Micoses , Pseudallescheria/isolamento & purificação , Pseudallescheria/citologia , Pseudallescheria/classificação , Pseudallescheria/fisiologia , Scedosporium/isolamento & purificação , Scedosporium/citologia , Scedosporium/classificação , Scedosporium/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The frequency of pulmonary mycoses has increased in the past few years specially in immunocompromised patients. AIM: To determine the frequency of invasive fungal diseases by analyzing lung secretion samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) tracheal aspiration (TA) and induced sputum (IS) were obtained from patients of five hospitals in the Valparaíso Region for the diagnosis of invasive or non-invasive fungal disease, and pneumocystis (PCP), in the period 2007-2010. Clinical data of patients was obtained reviewing medical records or interviewing attending physicians. The diagnosis considered the clinical condition of the patient (immunocompromised or prior lung damage), computed tomography imaging, direct microscopy and cultures. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria was used for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases. RESULTS: Ninety respiratory samples were received and 39 fungal infections were diagnosed. Eleven were probably invasive, seven were non-invasive and 21 were PCP. All patients with probable invasive disease had neutropenia. Most patients with non-invasive infections had bronchiectasis. Aspergillus fumigatus was the main causing agent in both invasive and non-invasive fungal diseases. Patients with PCP were mostly adults with AIDS and children with leukemia. The total mortality rate of patients with invasive fungal disease was of 73%. No deaths were recorded among patients with non-invasive disease. Among patients with PCP, three of 11 HIV and six of 10 non HIV subjects died. CONCLUSIONS: Aspergillus fumigatus predominates both in invasive and non-invasive pulmonary mycoses. The former has a high mortality. PCP occurred mainly in adult patients with HIV-AIDS.
Assuntos
Aspergilose Pulmonar/classificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Chile/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lactente , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/microbiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aspergilose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Aspergilose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: The frequency of pulmonary mycoses has increased in the past few years specially in immunocompromised patients. Aim: To determine the frequency of invasive fungal diseases by analyzing lung secretion samples. Material and Methods: Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) tracheal aspiration (TA) and induced sputum (IS) were obtained from patients of five hospitals in the Valparaíso Region for the diagnosis of invasive or non-invasive fungal disease, and pneumocystis (PCP), in the period 2007-2010. Clinical data of patients was obtained reviewing medical records or interviewing attending physicians. The diagnosis considered the clinical condition of the patient (immunocompromised or prior lung damage), computed tomography imaging, direct microscopy and cultures. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria was used for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases. Results: Ninety respiratory samples were received and 39 fungal infections were diagnosed. Eleven were probably invasive, seven were non-invasive and 21 were PCP. All patients with probable invasive disease had neutropenia. Most patients with non-invasive infections had bronchiectasis. Aspergillus fumigatus was the main causing agent in both invasive and non-invasive fungal diseases. Patients with PCP were mostly adults with AIDS and children with leukemia. The total mortality rate of patients with invasive fungal disease was of 73%. No deaths were recorded among patients with non-invasive disease. Among patients with PCP, three of 11 HIV and six of 10 non HIV subjects died. Conclusions: Aspergillus fumigatus predominates both in invasive and non-invasive pulmonary mycoses. The former has a high mortality. PCP occurred mainly in adult patients with HIV-AIDS.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Aspergilose Pulmonar/classificação , Chile/epidemiologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Pneumopatias Fúngicas/microbiologia , Pulmão , Aspergilose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Aspergilose Pulmonar/microbiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Superficial mycoses are infections of the keratinous tissue caused by dermatophytes, yeasts and environmental fungi. OBJECTIVES: To identify the species of dermatophytes, yeasts and environmental fungi that cause superficial mycosis and analyze their differences by sex, age and location of the lesion, in patients from the region of Valparaiso, during 2007-2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1004 patients diagnosed with superficial mycoses were studied. All ages and both genera were included. The study was done using direct microscopic examination with 20% KOH and culture of the lesions. Fungi identification was mainly morphophysiological. RESULTS: Of the 1004 patients studied, 609 were women and 87.7% was 15 years old or younger. Toenail onychomycosis was the most frequent lesion (58.1%), followed by tinea pedis and interdigitalis (16.3%). In patients younger than 8 years old, tinea capitis by Microsporum canis was the most common mycoses. Among dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum (78.9%) predominated in most locations, followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (14.9%) and M. canis (5.4%). Candida spp. (95.4%) prevailed among the yeasts causing onychomycosis. There were 27 cases of toenail onychomycosis caused by environmental fungi, mainly Fusarium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with national and international data, where T. rubrum is the predominant agent of dermatomycoses. We report the emergency of agents not described in Chile or Latin America in these infections.