Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/classificação , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis/classificação , Sífilis/classificação , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/classificação , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Cancro/diagnóstico , Cancro/classificação , Granuloma Inguinal/classificação , Granuloma Inguinal/diagnóstico , Vaginite/classificação , Vaginite/diagnóstico , Candidíase/classificação , Candidíase/diagnóstico , Vaginite por Trichomonas/classificação , Vaginite por Trichomonas/diagnóstico , Vaginose Bacteriana/classificação , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnóstico , /classificação , /diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/classificação , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnósticoRESUMO
PIP: In many developing countries, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the five common health problems for which people seek treatment. To combat the spread of STDs, many countries have implemented combined STD and HIV programs. This is practical because transmission of both HIV and other STDs is affected by similar social and economic factors. HIV and STDs also require the same kinds of education and prevention efforts. Several countries, such as Costa Rica, Thailand, and Zimbabwe have reported a reduction in curable STDs through prevention and control efforts, such as community-based and health education programs; effective and early treatment at affordable prices; training of primary level health workers; and reliable drug supplies, surveillance systems, and referral centers with diagnostic facilities. STD control can be achieved through prevention and education programs and early diagnosis and treatment of disease. WHO and other international agencies are now promoting the syndromic management approach, which enables health workers to diagnose and treat most STDs at the primary level.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Países em Desenvolvimento , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , América Central , Costa Rica , Atenção à Saúde , Doença , Educação , Saúde , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , Tailândia , Viroses , ZimbábueRESUMO
Six Brazilian strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were isolated from infected individuals residing in different regions of Brazil between 1987 and 1989. Phylogenetic analysis based on an 860-base pair env fragment, including V3, V4, V5, and the beginning of gp41, classified the Brazilian strains significantly in genotype B, with interhost distances between 5.9 and 13.1% (mean value, 10%). Amino acid sequence analysis of the V3 loop revealed that three strains contained the North American/European GPGR motif as the tip of the loop whereas in the other three strains proline (P) was substituted by tryptophan (W), methionine (M), or phenylalanine (F). A consensus peptide, Bra-cons, was designed containing GWGR as the tip of the loop. Serological reactivity to the Bra-cons peptide and other V3 peptides (MN, SF2, HBX2, RF, MAL, ELI, Z6, and a Côte d'Ivoire peptide, CI-cons) was compared for 114 HIV-1-positive sera from Rio de Janeiro. Sixty-nine sera (60.5%) reacted with peptides belonging to genotype B, of which 10 sera also reacted with peptides belonging to genotype A (n = 7) and D (n = 3). Eighteen sera (15.8%) had binding antibodies to the Bra-cons peptide. A high number of sera (n = 43; 37.7%) had no antibodies to any of the V3 peptides tested. This result suggests that HIV-1 variants with aberrant V3 loops may circulate in Rio de Janeiro.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Produtos do Gene env/genética , Genes env , HIV-1/genética , Filogenia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/sangue , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Brasil , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Produtos do Gene env/química , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Geografia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Dados de Sequência MolecularRESUMO
Primer pairs in the HIV-1 POL and ENV genes were evaluated by performing a PCR on lysed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 96 HIV-1 seropositive and 40 seronegative individuals originating from 16 different geographical localities in Africa, Europe and Haiti. A single PCR using primer pairs to the LTR, GAG and ENV regions and detection by radioactively labelled oligonucleotide probes was compared to a nested PCR scheme using newly designed POL and ENV primers which used ethidium-bromide staining of the amplified product on agarose gel. The newly designed POL nested primer pair was shown to be highly sensitive (93%) and specific (100%) for the detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA of very diverse geographical and genetic origin, including highly aberrant HIV-1 isolates. The sensitivity of the newly designed ENV primers was 68.7%, which does not differ significantly from the sensitivity of the classical primers, SK 68/69. Both ENV primers were unable to amplify two SIVcpz isolates from naturally infected chimpanzees.
Assuntos
Primers do DNA , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , HIV-1/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Linfócitos/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Viremia/diagnóstico , África , Sequência de Bases , Europa (Continente) , Genes env , Genes pol , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Soronegatividade para HIV , HIV-1/genética , Haiti , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Viremia/virologiaRESUMO
Desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, la importancia de la oftalmía gonocócica del recién nacido (OGRN) escriba en que esta enfermedad puede conducir rápidamente a la ceguera. La frecuencia de OGRN es determinada por la prevalencia de la infección gonocócica materna. En la mayor parte de los países industrializados, la prevalencia de gonorrea en las mujeres embarazadas es inferior al 1 por ciento; en los países en desarrollo, las proporciones fluctúan entre 3 y 15 por ciento, y más de 50 por ciento de los casos son causados pro cepas de N. gonorrhoeae productoras de penicilinasa (NGPP). La tasa de transmisión de la madre al recién nacido oscila entre 30 y 50 por ciento. Las estrategias para controlar la OGRN incluyen: 1) la prevención de la infección gonocócica en mujeres en edad de procear; 2) la detección y el trataiento de la infección gonocócica en las embarazadas; 3) la profilaxis oftálmica del recién nacido inmediatamente después del parto, y 4) el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la OGRN. La profilaxis oftálmica mediante la instilación de gotas de nitrato de plata al 1 por ciento o la aplicación de pomadas de tetraciclina al 1 por ciento son medidas muy eficaces. Estos procedimientos reducen la incidencia de OGRN en 80-95 por ciento y son muy eficaces en función del costo, particularmente en situaciones de alto riesgo
Disponible en inglés en el Bull. WHO 67(5), 1989