RESUMO

This paper reports on the acute inflammatory and cellular process in the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, induced by injection of India ink into the muscular foot. Histological observations with optical and electronic microscopy were made at 24 and 48 h after injection. The induced cellular inflammatory response consisted of a general hemocyte infiltration without necrosis and apoptotic activity. Migration of ink-laden phagocytes across the intestinal epithelium was recorded. It appeared that the yellow clam "excreted" ink particles through the gill and kidney. The positive staining for apoptosis was observed in the digestive gland. Electronic microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptotic bodies in the digestive gland. The mechanism by which the India ink particles induce apoptosis remains unknown, but might possibly be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress. This work has highlighted features that require further discussion in the restricted field the inflammatory responses of mollusks.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ecological modeling has been used as a tool to estimate potential impacts caused by aquaculture to the surrounding environment. In this work, a mathematical model was applied to estimate the maximum amount of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) culture units (3,100m2 pen enclosures) that could be installed at two shallow estuarine bays of Patos Lagoon (known as Coreia and Porto do Rei) with no significant effects on either water quality or viability of the culture system. To calibrate the model, information about the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei and F. paulensis as well as field data (influence of netting material, water current speed and nitrogen concentrations) were used. Under a bad scenario (water current velocity of 0.01m s-1 and a mesh clogging effect of 40%), it would be possible to install up to 29 pens at the Coreia bay, and 39 pens at the Porto do Rei bay. Results indicate that the model was useful in determining the maximum number of culture units that could be installed at these bays, and thus have the potential to become an important tool in the definition of environmental management strategies in relation to aquaculture development.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In Rio Grande do Sul State, there are four marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms in the municipal districts of São José do Norte and Rio Grande, and other four with previous license for operation. Thus, the present study aimed to identify and characterize areas for marine shrimp farming located in the Southern portion of the Patos Lagoon estuary (32º00'S 52º00'W) by employing the analysis of satellite remote sensing (Landsat TM and ETM+/Google Earth), airborne remote sensing (35mm system ADAR 1000), terrestrial remote sensing (RICOH 500SE), and field expeditions, integrating data in a Geographical Information System (IDRISI Andes). As a result, the enterprises were built on coastal fields or in obliterated dune areas, which are favorable for cultivation. The proximity of possible consuming markets and local labor, relatively good access roads and local technical support also favor the projects. However, there must be caution in terms of changes in the original projects, which could cause environmental impacts and noncompliance of environmental norms, such as the occupation of salt marsh areas. Based on the obtained information, instruments can be created to help inherent legal decision-making to manage the activity for futures enterprises.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul existem quatro fazendas produtoras de camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei) marinhos nos municípios de São José do Norte e Rio Grande, e outras quatro fazendas já possuem licença prévia. Assim, o presente estudo propôs identificar e caracterizar as áreas destinadas a cultivos de camarões marinhos localizadas na porção sul do estuário da lagoa dos Patos (32º00'S 52º00'W), empregando análises de sensoriamento remoto orbital (ETM+/Landsat, Google Earth), aéreo (35mm/sistema ADAR 1000), terrestre (RICOH 500SE) e de saídas de campo, integrando os dados num Sistema de Informação Geográfica (IDRISI Andes). Resultados apontaram que os empreendimentos foram construídos sobre campos litorâneos ou em regiões de dunas obliteradas, regiões estas propícias para o cultivo. A proximidade dos possíveis mercados consumidores e mão de obra local, estradas de acesso relativamente boas e suporte técnico local também favorecem os projetos. No entanto, deve haver cautela em termos de mudanças nos projetos originais, o que poderia causar impactos ambientais e descumprimento das normas ambientais, tais como a ocupação de áreas de marismas. A partir das informações obtidas, podem ser criados instrumentos que auxiliarão na tomada de decisões legais para gerenciar a atividade em futuros empreendimentos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In Rio Grande do Sul State, there are four marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farms in the municipal districts of São José do Norte and Rio Grande, and other four with previous license for operation. Thus, the present study aimed to identify and characterize areas for marine shrimp farming located in the Southern portion of the Patos Lagoon estuary (32º00'S 52º00'W) by employing the analysis of satellite remote sensing (Landsat TM and ETM+/Google Earth), airborne remote sensing (35mm system ADAR 1000), terrestrial remote sensing (RICOH 500SE), and field expeditions, integrating data in a Geographical Information System (IDRISI Andes). As a result, the enterprises were built on coastal fields or in obliterated dune areas, which are favorable for cultivation. The proximity of possible consuming markets and local labor, relatively good access roads and local technical support also favor the projects. However, there must be caution in terms of changes in the original projects, which could cause environmental impacts and noncompliance of environmental norms, such as the occupation of salt marsh areas. Based on the obtained information, instruments can be created to help inherent legal decision-making to manage the activity for futures enterprises.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Nitrate was used to be considered not toxic for aquatic animals; however, in closed water culture system, this substance can accumulate high concentrations that could become potentially toxic for fish and crustacean. The aim of the present work was to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC50) of nitrate for mullet (Mugil platanus) fingerlings, and to establish the safe level for the culture of the species. Short-term bioassay was carried out through 96 hours. Mullet fingerlings (average weight of 0.19 g) were exposed to concentrations of 0; 125; 250; 500; 750; 1,000; 1,250; 1,500; 1,750; 2,000; 2,500; and 3,000 mg/L of N-NO3. The LC50 was estimated based on mortality in the bioassays and their values were 2,287.4 and 1,522.4 mg/L, after 24 and 96 hours, respectively. Safe level was estimated in 152.2 mg/L of N-NO3. Results demonstrate that M. platatus is highly tolerant to nitrate, and data contribute positively for its culture.

O nitrato não é considerado tóxico para os organismos aquáticos cultivados com renovação de água, entretanto, em sistemas de cultivo fechados, este composto pode atingir altas concentrações, tornando-se potencialmente tóxico para peixes e crustáceos. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o valor mediano da concentração letal de nitrato para alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus e estabelecer os níveis de segurança para o cultivo da espécie. Para isto foram realizados ensaios de curta duração (96 h) em que alevinos de tainha (0,19 g de peso médio) foram submetidos às concentrações de 0, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1.000, 1.250, 1.500, 1.750, 2.000, 2.500 e 3.000 mg/L de N-NO3. A partir dos resultados de mortalidade nos ensaios estabeleceram-se as concentrações letais medianas (CL50) de 2.287,4 e 1.522,4 mg/L N-NO3, para 24 e 96 horas, respectivamente. A partir da CL50 (96 h) foi estimado o nível de segurança de 152,2 mg/L de N-NO3. Com base nos resultados observados, pode-se concluir que a tainha apresenta alta tolerância ao nitrato, fator que conta positivamente no estabelecimento do seu cultivo.

RESUMO

Nitrate was used to be considered not toxic for aquatic animals; however, in closed water culture system, this substance can accumulate high concentrations that could become potentially toxic for fish and crustacean. The aim of the present work was to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC50) of nitrate for mullet (Mugil platanus) fingerlings, and to establish the safe level for the culture of the species. Short-term bioassay was carried out through 96 hours. Mullet fingerlings (average weight of 0.19 g) were exposed to concentrations of 0; 125; 250; 500; 750; 1,000; 1,250; 1,500; 1,750; 2,000; 2,500; and 3,000 mg/L of N-NO3. The LC50 was estimated based on mortality in the bioassays and their values were 2,287.4 and 1,522.4 mg/L, after 24 and 96 hours, respectively. Safe level was estimated in 152.2 mg/L of N-NO3. Results demonstrate that M. platatus is highly tolerant to nitrate, and data contribute positively for its culture.

O nitrato não é considerado tóxico para os organismos aquáticos cultivados com renovação de água, entretanto, em sistemas de cultivo fechados, este composto pode atingir altas concentrações, tornando-se potencialmente tóxico para peixes e crustáceos. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o valor mediano da concentração letal de nitrato para alevinos da tainha Mugil platanus e estabelecer os níveis de segurança para o cultivo da espécie. Para isto foram realizados ensaios de curta duração (96 h) em que alevinos de tainha (0,19 g de peso médio) foram submetidos às concentrações de 0, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1.000, 1.250, 1.500, 1.750, 2.000, 2.500 e 3.000 mg/L de N-NO3. A partir dos resultados de mortalidade nos ensaios estabeleceram-se as concentrações letais medianas (CL50) de 2.287,4 e 1.522,4 mg/L N-NO3, para 24 e 96 horas, respectivamente. A partir da CL50 (96 h) foi estimado o nível de segurança de 152,2 mg/L de N-NO3. Com base nos resultados observados, pode-se concluir que a tainha apresenta alta tolerância ao nitrato, fator que conta positivamente no estabelecimento do seu cultivo.