RESUMO
The presence of PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products) in water sources and drinking water has concerned researchers in recent times. This study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of 6 PPCPs (namely paracetamol, diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, benzophenone-3 and methylparaben) in the Lobo reservoir, their degradation products, and how efficiently they were removed by 22 ecological filters, considering individual and mixture of compounds. There were 3 spiking events of PPCPs (2⯵gâ¯L-1) in the ecological filter influents conducted with a lag period of 15 days between spikes. Water samples were collected from the influent and effluent of the filters at 3, 6 and 24â¯h after each spiking event. All target PPCPs were identified in the Lobo reservoir water in the range of µg L-1. The personal care products were detected with 100% frequency in the samples, and in higher concentrations compared to the pharmaceuticals. Degradation products of diclofenac and benzophenone-3 were identified in the water samples. Results of this investigation show that ecological filtration was an effective process (70-99%) to remove 2⯵gâ¯L-1 of the selected PPCPs, and demonstrated that the filters were resilient to individual compounds and to their mixtures.
Assuntos
Filtração/métodos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/isolamento & purificação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Benzofenonas/análise , Brasil , Cosméticos/análise , Diclofenaco/análise , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Toxicities of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) to the neotropical freshwater cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis were studied under laboratory conditions. Acute exposures to BPA generated mean 48-h EC50 values of 14.44 (6.02-22.85) mg L-1 for C. silvestrii and 12.05 (1.73-22.37) mg L-1 for D. similis. When the organisms were exposed to acute doses of NP, mean 48-h EC50 values were 0.055 (0.047-0.064) mg L-1 (C. silvestrii) and 0.133 (0.067-0.200) mg L-1 (D. similis). Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was also tested in chronic bioassays, which resulted in mean 8-d IC25 values of 2.43 (2.16-2.69) mg L-1 BPA [no observed effect concentration (NOEC): 1.38 mg L-1] and 0.020 (0.015-0.026) mg L-1 NP (NOEC: 0.015 mg L-1). These laboratory tests are valuable to broaden the understanding of the environmental threat posed by BPA and NP in aquatic ecosystems, and to increase the knowledge about the sensitivity of neotropical indigenous species to these contaminants. In addition to the laboratory bioassays, species sensitivity distributions were used to suggest protective concentrations of BPA and NP to prevent adverse effects on freshwater organisms. According to the obtained results, concentrations lower than 36.47 µg L-1 BPA and 1.39 µg L-1 NP are not expected to adversely impact aquatic organisms in natural ecosystems.