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This research addresses the impact of illicit drug use on labour market outcomes of men in Mexico. We leverage statistical information from three waves of a comparable national survey and make use of the Lewbel's heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable strategy to deal with the endogeneity of the drug consumption. Our results suggests that drug consumption has fairly negative effects in the Mexican context: it reduces employment, occupational attainment and formality and raises unemployment of local males. These effects seem larger than those estimated for high-income economies.
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This contribution presents the first study focused on the analysis of microbial mats in the Los Molles Formation (Toarcian - Early Callovian), Neuquén Basin, Argentina. This unit mainly represents offshore-to-shelf environments affected by storms and density currents. The Los Molles Formation is one of the oldest source rocks in the Neuquén Basin and constitutes an unconventional shale gas reservoir of great economic importance. The aim of this work was to identify the microbial activity from the description and interpretation of microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS), to determine the paleoenvironmental and paleoecological conditions under which they formed, and to establish a possible relationship between these structures and the trace fossil Trichichnus. Samples from the levels with MISS were analyzed and described from macroscopic and binocular observations, petrographic microscope thin sections, and SEM samples with EDS analyses. The results showed several levels of microbial mats presenting diverse MISS, including biolaminations and Kinneyia-like wrinkles structures that were described at the macroscopic level. In thin sections, biolaminations, filament-like microstructures with different degrees of development, oriented grains and pyrite were observed. SEM images and EDS analyses showed different types of filaments, coccoids and EPS with high concentrations of carbon. These results revealed that the studied levels fulfill the established biogenicity criteria, guaranteeing that they have a bacterial origin. The abundance of the trace fossil Trichichnus sp. throughout the section and the proximity to some Kinneyia-like wrinkle structures levels suggests that the same organisms may have generated them. Furthermore, they revealed that the Los Molles Formation, at the time of its deposition, experienced paleoecological and paleoenvironmental conditions appropriate for the establishment and development of microbial mats. The extensive levels of microbial mats in the study area suggest that they may have been a source of organic matter for the generation of hydrocarbons from the Los Molles Formation.
Assuntos
Fósseis , Hidrocarbonetos , Humanos , Fácies , Argentina , MicroscopiaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: EL problema de investigación consistió en La identificación de medidas de capacidad, involucradas en Los procesos de La práctica artesanal de la elaboración del bollo de mazorca en eL barrio Pinar deL Río en La ciudad de Barranquilla, en el departamento del Atlántico. Objetivo: Conocer las medidas de capacidad no convencionales presentes en la elaboración del bollo mazorca en el municipio de Barranquilla Atlántico. Materiales y métodos: La metodología empleada es de tipo cualitativa con diseño etnográfico con base en la observación participante, utilizando entrevistas semiestructuradas, con el empleo dispositivos para el registro audiovisual, lo cual se llevó a cabo en dos visitas a la artesana. Los referentes teóricos están enmarcados en el Programa Etnomatemáticas. Resultados: se evidenció en la práctica artesanal observada. El empleo de medidas de capacidad no convencionales tales como el balde, el bulto, el cucharón, la taza, entre otras; también, en esta actividad se ven inmersas otras prácticas. Conclusión: se considera la pertinencia de problematizar los resultados obtenidos en el aula de clase, como alternativa para disminuir el desinterés que en muchas ocasiones muestra el estudiante durante el desarrollo de la clase de matemáticas, en este caso el sistema de medidas de capacidad en séptimo grado. Es allí cuando la enseñanza paralela y comparativa que nos propone el enfoque didáctico del Programa Etnomatemáticas juega un papel importante, pues, llevar este tipo de prácticas con las cuales el estudiante se sienta identificado cambiaría el modo en que este desarrollará su aprendizaje.
Abstract Introduction: the research problem consisted of identifying the capacity measures involved in the processes of the artisanal practice of cob bun making in the Pinar Del Río neighborhood in the city of Barranquilla, in the department of Atlántico. The general Objective was to know the non-conventional capacity measures present in the elaboration of the corncob bun in the municipality of Barranquilla, Atlántico. The Methodology used is qualitative type with ethnographic design based on participant observation, using semi-structured interviews, with the use of audiovisual recording devices, which was carried out in two visits to the artisan. The theoretical references are framed within the framework of the Ethnomathematics Program. The main Results are the use of non-conventional capacity measures such as the bucket, the bulk, the scoop, the cup, among others; other practices are also immersed in this activity. The discussion is based on the use of patterns of similar non-conventional measures found in other craft practices and different socio-cultural contexts. Also, the relevance of problematizing the results obtained in the classroom is considered.
Resumo Introdução: O problema da pesquisa consistiu em identificar as medidas de capacidade, envolvidas nos processos da prática artesanal de fazer "bollo de mazorca" no bairro Pinar del Río, na cidade de Barranquilla, no departamento de Atlántico. O Objetivo geral foi conhecer as medidas de capacidade não convencionais presentes na preparação do "bollo de mazorca" no município de Barranquilla, Atlântico. A Metodologia utilizada é qualitativa com enfoque etnográfico, baseado na observação participante, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com a utilização de dispositivos de gravação audiovisual, as quais foram realizadas em duas visitas à artesã. Os referenciais teóricos encaixam-se no quadro do Programa Etnomatemático. Os principais Resultados são a utilização de medidas de capacidade não convencionais como o balde, o pacote, a concha, a taxa, entre outras; além disso, nesta atividade outras práticas estão imersas. A discussão é baseada no uso de padrões de medição não convencionais semelhantes encontrados em outras práticas artesanais e em diferentes contextos socioculturais. Além disso, é considerada a pertinência de problematizar os resultados obtidos em sala de aula.
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The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is able to grow on insect cuticle hydrocarbons, inducing alkane assimilation pathways and concomitantly increasing virulence against insect hosts. In this study, we describe some physiological and molecular processes implicated in growth, nutritional stress response, and cellular alterations found in alkane-grown fungi. The fungal cytology was investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy while the surface topography was examined using atomic force microscopy. Additionally, the expression pattern of several genes associated with oxidative stress, peroxisome biogenesis, and hydrophobicity were analysed by qPCR. We found a novel type of growth in alkane-cultured B. bassiana similar to mycelial pellets described in other alkane-free fungi, which were able to produce viable conidia and to be pathogenic against larvae of the beetles Tenebrio molitor and Tribolium castaneum. Mycelial pellets were formed by hyphae cumulates with high peroxidase activity, exhibiting peroxisome proliferation and an apparent surface thickening. Alkane-grown conidia appeared to be more hydrophobic and cell surfaces displayed different topography than glucose-grown cells. We also found a significant induction in several genes encoding for peroxins, catalases, superoxide dismutases, and hydrophobins. These results show that both morphological and metabolic changes are triggered in mycelial pellets derived from alkane-grown B. bassiana.
Assuntos
Alcanos/metabolismo , Beauveria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Beauveria/patogenicidade , Entomophthorales/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Entomophthorales/patogenicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Beauveria/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , Proliferação de Células , Entomophthorales/metabolismo , Hifas/metabolismo , Insetos/microbiologia , Larva/microbiologia , Peroxissomos/fisiologia , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismo , VirulênciaRESUMO
Leptospirosis disease is caused by the spirochete Leptospira. It is a worldwide distribution zoonosis, with predominance in the tropics. In Spain, it is not frequent but some cases have been noticed especially in humid areas surrounded by rivers, lakes or ponds, such as Catalonia, Andalucia or the Valencian Community. It is transmitted by a variety of animals such as cows or rats, that are infected either by direct contact with these animals or their urine, or indirectly by consuming or being in contact with water contaminated by their urine. The clinical manifestations are very variable, being asymptomatic or not very symptomatic in most of the patients. Unusually, leptospirosis presents with a first phase with fever, myalgias, liver injury or different organs hemorrhage, followed by a second phase with the presence of jaundice due to hepatic failure. Weil's disease is a kind of severe leptospirosis characterized by hepatic failure with jaundice and acute renal failure, associated with high mortality rates.The diagnosis is based on serological techniques and DNA detection by PCR. The treatment consists of life support measures and antibiotic therapy. A patient with Weil's disease and leptospirosis digestive bleeding is presented, with a fulminant clinical course. In order to achieve an early diagnosis, the need to keep this entity in mind must be emphasized, especially in favorable epidemiological environments as the one of this patient.
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Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Falência Hepática Aguda/microbiologia , Doença de Weil/diagnóstico , Evolução Fatal , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Humanos , Falência Hepática Aguda/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Weil/complicaçõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To differentiate the effects of food vouchers and training in health and nutrition on consumption and dietary diversity in Ecuador by using an experimental design. DESIGN: Interventions involved enrolling three groups of approximately 200 randomly selected households per group in three provinces in Ecuador. Power estimates and sample size were computed using the Optimal Design software, with a power of 80 %, at 5 % of significance and with a minimum detectable effect of 0·25 (sd). The first group was assigned to receive a monthly food voucher of $US 40. The second group was assigned to receive the same $US 40 voucher, plus training on health and nutrition issues. The third group served as the control. Weekly household values of food consumption were converted into energy intake per person per day. A simple proxy indicator was constructed for dietary diversity, based on the Food Consumption Score. Finally, an econometric model with three specifications was used for analysing the differential effect of the interventions. SETTING: Three provinces in Ecuador, two from the Sierra region (Carchi and Chimborazo) and one from the Coastal region (Santa Elena). SUBJECTS: Members of 773 households randomly selected (n 4343). RESULTS: No significant impact on consumption for any of the interventions was found. However, there was evidence that voucher systems had a positive impact on dietary diversity. No differentiated effects were found for the training intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The most cost-effective intervention to improve dietary diversity in Ecuador is the use of vouchers to support family choice in food options.
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Dieta , Educação em Saúde , Desnutrição/dietoterapia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Política Nutricional , Adulto , Análise Custo-Benefício , Equador/epidemiologia , Características da Família , Feminino , Seguimentos , Assistência Alimentar , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
La leptospirosis es una enfermedad causada por la espiroqueta Leptospira. Se trata de una zoonosis de distribución mundial, con predominio en los trópicos. En España no es frecuente pero sí se observan casos en zonas más húmedas o con presencia de ríos, lagos o estanques, como son Cataluña, Andalucía o la Comunidad Valenciana, donde se relaciona con los arrozales. Los transmisores son múltiples animales como vacas o ratas, contagiándose el ser humano mediante contacto directo con estos animales o su orina, o bien de forma indirecta al consumir o estar en contacto con agua contaminada por la orina de éstos. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy variables, siendo asintomática o poco sintomática en la mayoría de los pacientes. Aunque no ocurre siempre, la leptospirosis cursa con una primera fase con fiebre, mialgias, afectación renal o hemorragia de distintos órganos, seguida de una segunda fase con presencia de ictericia por afectación hepática. La enfermedad de Weil es una forma de leptospirosis grave caracterizada por afectación hepática con ictericia e insuficiencia renal aguda, asociada a una considerable mortalidad. El diagnóstico se basa en técnicas serológicas y detección de DNA mediante PCR. El tratamiento consta de medidas de soporte y antibioticoterapia. Presentamos un paciente con enfermedad de Weil y hemorragia digestiva por leptospirosis, con una evolución clínica fulminante, y hacemos hincapié en la necesidad de tener presente esta entidad, especialmente en ambientes epidemiológicos favorables como el de este paciente, con el fin de lograr un diagnóstico precoz.
Leptospirosis disease is caused by the spirochete Leptospira. It is a worldwide distribution zoonosis, with predominance in the tropics. In Spain, it is not frequent but some cases have been noticed especially in humid areas surrounded by rivers, lakes or ponds, such as Catalonia, Andalucia or the Valencian Community. It is transmitted by a variety of animals such as cows or rats, that are infected either by direct contact with these animals or their urine, or indirectly by consuming or being in contact with water contaminated by their urine. The clinical manifestations are very variable, being asymptomatic or not very symptomatic in most of the patients. Unusually, leptospirosis presents with a first phase with fever, myalgias, liver injury or different organs hemorrhage, followed by a second phase with the presence of jaundice due to hepatic failure. Weil's disease is a kind of severe leptospirosis characterized by hepatic failure with jaundice and acute renal failure, associated with high mortality rates. The diagnosis is based on serological techniques and DNA detection by PCR. The treatment consists of life support measures and antibiotic therapy. A patient with Weil's disease and leptospirosis digestive bleeding is presented, with a fulminant clinical course. In order to achieve an early diagnosis, the need to keep this entity in mind must be emphasized, especially in favorable epidemiological environments as the one of this patient.
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Weil/diagnóstico , Falência Hepática Aguda/microbiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/microbiologia , Doença de Weil/complicações , Falência Hepática Aguda/diagnóstico , Evolução Fatal , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnósticoRESUMO
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis 'Binomio ayahuasca' en el hipocampo de cerebro de ratas. Diseño: Estudio experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Institución: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Ratas. Intervenciones: Administración del binomio ayahuasca por vía orogástrica a ratas albinas adultas de la especie Rattus novergicus y de cepa Holtzman. A siete grupos de cinco con un peso promedio de 240 ± 30 g se les administró (GI) blanco, (GII) 2,5 mL diazepam, (GIII) 0,7 mL solución de Banisteriopsis caapi, (GIV) 0,7 mL Psychotria viridis, y a los grupos (GV), (GVI) y (GVII) se administró 0,7 mL, 3,5 mL y 7,0 mL de solución del binomio ayahuasca, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados: Macroscópicos: comportamiento de reflejos y actividad motora. Microscópicos: número de células piramidales y granulosas, y desorganización celular. Resultados: En el tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto se caracterizó presencia de alcaloides, antraquinonas, triterpenoides y esteroides, fenoles, flavonoides y saponinas. Los volúmenes de droga administradas a los grupos de intervención con el binomio en la dosis de 0,7 mL manifestaron significativo aumento en el número de células granulosas sobre las células piramidales; a dosis de 3,5 mL el número de células granulosas fue menor con presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas; y a dosis de 7,0 mL se manifestó desorganización celular, presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas, y aumento de células granulosas. Conclusiones: El extracto alcohólico del binomio ayahuasca presenta efecto neuropatológico en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas. (AU)
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Animais , Ratos , Banisteriopsis , Psychotria , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peru , Plantas Medicinais , Modelos Animais , Medicina TradicionalRESUMO
This article evaluates the impact of remittances on health outcomes in Ecuador using an instrumental-variables approach. Although we do not find significant impacts on long-term child health variables, we find that remittances do have an impact on health expenditures, and on some preventive issues such as de-worming and vaccination. In addition, we find significant effects of remittances on medicine expenditures when illness occurs. In this regard, remittances are used for both preventive and emergency situations. Interestingly, we also find a significant and positive effect of remittances on health knowledge.