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Abstract: This study monitored marine turtle nests in a region known as the Potiguar Basin, which stretches from the northern region of Rio Grande do Norte State (5°4'1.15" S, 36°4'36.41" W) to eastern Ceará State (4°38'48.28" S, 37°32'52.08" W) in Brazil. We collected data from January 2011 to December 2019 to identify species of sea turtles that spawn in the basin, to analyze the nesting spatial-temporal pattern and nests characteristics, and to record effects of environmental and anthropic factors on nests. A field team examined sea turtle tracks and nests signs. Turtle clutches were monitored daily until hatchings emerged from the nests. We monitored nests of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) and olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). The nesting season for E. imbricata occurred between December and May and for L. olivacea from March to August. Hawksbills had clutch size, incubation time, number of unhatched eggs, and dead hatchlings higher than olive Ridley turtles; nevertheless, they presented lower hatching success. Precipitation between 0 and 22 mm and relative humidity (RH) higher than 69% increased the hatching success rate for E. imbricata; however, rainfall above 11 mm and RH 64% had the same effect for L. olivacea. Signs of egg theft and human presence (e.g. vehicle traffic and plastic residues on the beach) were recorded and are considered threats to nests. The results of our long-term monitoring study in the Potiguar Basin provide basis for the implementation of mitigation measures and adoption of management policies at nesting beaches in this Brazilian region.

Resumo: Este estudo permitiu o monitoramento de ninhos de tartarugas marinhas em uma região conhecida como Bacia Potiguar, que se estende da região norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (5 ° 4'1,15 "S, 36 ° 4'36,41" W) até o leste do Estado do Ceará (4 ° 38'48,28 "S, 37 ° 32'52,08" W), no Brasil. Coletamos dados de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2019 com o objetivo de identificar as espécies de tartarugas marinhas que desovam na bacia, analisar o padrão espaço-temporal de nidificação, as características dos ninhos, e registrar os efeitos de fatores ambientais e antrópicos. Uma equipe de campo examinou rastros de tartarugas marinhas e sinais de ninhos. As ninhadas das tartarugas foram monitoradas diariamente até que os filhotes emergissem dos ninhos. Monitoramos ninhos de tartarugas-de-pente (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) e tartarugas-oliva (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). A época de nidificação para E. imbricata ocorreu entre dezembro e maio e para L. olivacea de março a agosto. Tartarugas-de-pente apresentaram maior tamanho das ninhadas, tempo de incubação, número de ovos não eclodidos e número de filhotes mortos quando comparado com tartarugas-oliva; no entanto, apresentaram menor sucesso de eclosão. Precipitação entre 0 e 22 mm e umidade relativa (UR) maior que 69% aumentaram a taxa de sucesso de eclosão para E. imbricata; entretanto, chuvas acima de 11 mm e UR 64% tiveram o mesmo efeito para L. olivacea. Sinais de roubo de ovos e presença humana (por exemplo, tráfego de veículos e resíduos de plástico na praia) foram registrados e são considerados ameaças aos ninhos. Os resultados do nosso estudo de monitoramento de longo prazo na Bacia Potiguar fornecem base para a implementação de medidas de mitigação e adoção de políticas públicas em praias de desova nesta região brasileira.

RESUMO

Behavior activities of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile, their performance, and acquired lesions when under temporary feed restrictions were analyzed. Five animals/experimental units (10 prawns/m2 ) were employed for treatments DFL ­ daily feed supply in the light phase; DFD ­ daily feed supply in the dark phase; AFL ­ alternating feed supply in the light phase; and AFD ­ alternating feed supply in the dark phase, for a 24-hour period, with four replications each. Prawns were fed a pellet diet, twice a day, with 10% of their biomass/day. Specimens were monitored during 60 consecutive days, with behavior recording daily and weighed every 10 days, with assessment of lesions and/or amputated limbs at the end of the experimental period. Types of behavior comprised exploring, grooming, inactivity, crawling, swimming, excavation, burrowing, agonism, and feed ingestion by scan sampling, with instantaneous registration every 60 s, in 15-min windows, before and after feed, in light and dark phases. Feed restricted in alternate days during light and dark phases did not interfere in growth or survival of the specimens, with increase in apparent feed intake and less feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate. Agonistic behavior was higher in specimens with feed restrictions, with an increase in the number of lesions and amputations. The above demonstrates welfare decrease in farmed M. rosenbergii and depreciation in the quality of the final product.(AU)

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RESUMO

Monosex all-male populations for the commercial breeding of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii have been used to lessen the specimens´ aggressiveness and size heterogeneousness. The species´s behavioral variation in mixed, monosex all-male and monosex all-female populations, during the 24-h light-dark period, is assessed. The focal method, with instantaneous report, was employed, featuring a 15-m window for each aquarium, distributed in 12 time shifts throughout the light-dark phase. Eight aquariums contained four prawns each (10 prawns/m2), totaling 96 prawns, monitored for 160 h, during 30 days. Exploring, burrowing, covering with earth, feeding, cleaning, inactivity, crawling, swimming, change and agonistic activity were analyzed. The animals showed a high rate of autogrooming and exploitation during the light and dark phases in three culture modalities, whereas burrowing occurred more frequently during the light period. Agonism was more frequent during the dark phase in all populations, although rates of monosex all-female culture were higher during the light and dark phases when compared to mixed and monosex all-male cultures. The authors recommend shelters and substrates for protection and improvement of the animals´ welfare, especially during the dark shift. Since agonism was more frequent for monosex all-female culture when compared to that in mixed or monosex all-male culture, such population composition is not recommended.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Monosex all-male populations for the commercial breeding of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii have been used to lessen the specimens´ aggressiveness and size heterogeneousness. The species´s behavioral variation in mixed, monosex all-male and monosex all-female populations, during the 24-h light-dark period, is assessed. The focal method, with instantaneous report, was employed, featuring a 15-m window for each aquarium, distributed in 12 time shifts throughout the light-dark phase. Eight aquariums contained four prawns each (10 prawns/m2), totaling 96 prawns, monitored for 160 h, during 30 days. Exploring, burrowing, covering with earth, feeding, cleaning, inactivity, crawling, swimming, change and agonistic activity were analyzed. The animals showed a high rate of autogrooming and exploitation during the light and dark phases in three culture modalities, whereas burrowing occurred more frequently during the light period. Agonism was more frequent during the dark phase in all populations, although rates of monosex all-female culture were higher during the light and dark phases when compared to mixed and monosex all-male cultures. The authors recommend shelters and substrates for protection and improvement of the animals´ welfare, especially during the dark shift. Since agonism was more frequent for monosex all-female culture when compared to that in mixed or monosex all-male culture, such population composition is not recommended.

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RESUMO

The effects of two feeding management methods (substrate spreading and feeding tray) were tested for Macrobrachium rosenbergii, evaluating their influence on behavior in mixed (Mi), monosex all-male (Mm) and monosex all-female (Mf) populations. Twelve experimental conditions, totaling 192 animals, with four repetitions each, were performed. Experimental units comprised eight 250-L aquariums (50 x 50 x 100 cm) with soft sand substrate. Behavioral data were collected by focal instantaneous sampling method. Substrate spreading triggered the most extensive behavioral level in all populations under analysis, featuring exploring, autogrooming, crawling, inactivity, burrowing, agonism, swimming and feed ingestion, and revealed that the animals expressed better their behavior when feed was spread. Exceptionally, burrowing in Mm and agonism in Mf had similar level rates for the two feeding managements. Mf had the highest agonistic level when compared to that in Mm and Mi. Data in current analysis indicate that the spread feeding strategy favors animal welfare in all types of population compositions, except in Mf culture, with high agonistic levels in both forms of feeding management.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois métodos de alimentação (a lanço e em comedouros) e sua influência no comportamento de populações mistas (Mi), monossexo fêmea (Mf) e monossexo macho (Mm) de Macrobrachium rosenbergii, nas fases clara e escura do dia. Foram analisadas 12 condições experimentais, com quarto repetições cada, totalizando 192 animais observados. As unidades experimentais consistiram em 8 aquarios (250 L; 50 x 50 x 100 cm) com substrato de areia fina. Dados comportamentais foram coletados usando método de amostragem focal instantâneo. A oferta a lanço, em todas as composições populacionais, induziu a maiores níveis dos comportamentos de exploração, limpeza, enterramento, inatividade, entocamento, agonismo, natação e ingestão do alimento, indicando que os animais encontraram mais oportunidades para expressão de seus comportamentos com o espalhamento da ração. Como exceção, o comportamento de entocamento em Mm e agonismo em Mf foram semelhantes para ambos tipos de manejo alimentar. O cultivo Mf apresentou maiores níveis de agonismo que Mm e Mi. Nesse estudo, os resultados indicam que, em todos os tipos de composição populacional, a alimentação a lanço favoreceu o bem-estar estar animal, exceto para o cultivo Mf, o qual apresentou altos níveis de agonismo em ambas as formas da estratégia alimentar.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effects of two feeding management methods (substrate spreading and feeding tray) were tested for Macrobrachium rosenbergii, evaluating their influence on behavior in mixed (Mi), monosex all-male (Mm) and monosex all-female (Mf) populations. Twelve experimental conditions, totaling 192 animals, with four repetitions each, were performed. Experimental units comprised eight 250-L aquariums (50 x 50 x 100 cm) with soft sand substrate. Behavioral data were collected by focal instantaneous sampling method. Substrate spreading triggered the most extensive behavioral level in all populations under analysis, featuring exploring, autogrooming, crawling, inactivity, burrowing, agonism, swimming and feed ingestion, and revealed that the animals expressed better their behavior when feed was spread. Exceptionally, burrowing in Mm and agonism in Mf had similar level rates for the two feeding managements. Mf had the highest agonistic level when compared to that in Mm and Mi. Data in current analysis indicate that the spread feeding strategy favors animal welfare in all types of population compositions, except in Mf culture, with high agonistic levels in both forms of feeding management.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois métodos de alimentação (a lanço e em comedouros) e sua influência no comportamento de populações mistas (Mi), monossexo fêmea (Mf) e monossexo macho (Mm) de Macrobrachium rosenbergii, nas fases clara e escura do dia. Foram analisadas 12 condições experimentais, com quarto repetições cada, totalizando 192 animais observados. As unidades experimentais consistiram em 8 aquarios (250 L; 50 x 50 x 100 cm) com substrato de areia fina. Dados comportamentais foram coletados usando método de amostragem focal instantâneo. A oferta a lanço, em todas as composições populacionais, induziu a maiores níveis dos comportamentos de exploração, limpeza, enterramento, inatividade, entocamento, agonismo, natação e ingestão do alimento, indicando que os animais encontraram mais oportunidades para expressão de seus comportamentos com o espalhamento da ração. Como exceção, o comportamento de entocamento em Mm e agonismo em Mf foram semelhantes para ambos tipos de manejo alimentar. O cultivo Mf apresentou maiores níveis de agonismo que Mm e Mi. Nesse estudo, os resultados indicam que, em todos os tipos de composição populacional, a alimentação a lanço favoreceu o bem-estar estar animal, exceto para o cultivo Mf, o qual apresentou altos níveis de agonismo em ambas as formas da estratégia alimentar. (AU)

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The objective of the search was evaluation of the difference between treatment with the probiotic 1 (P1) in relation when treatment with probiotic 2 (P2) in the larvae cultivation of the Litopenaeus vannamei, these were culture for 18 days. The treatment with P1 consisted in the addition of the commercial probiotic Epicin G2 (Epicore Networks Eastampton, United State) containing Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. pumilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the treatment with P2, was utilized commercial probiotic ProBacyl (Bern&Roc Aquacultura Ltda, Ceará-Mirim, Brazil) with a mixture of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pediococcus acidilactici and probiotic bacteria (total). The experimental units consisted of six tanks of 15,000 L, and each treatment had three repetitions. The probiotics were applied daily in the water, evaluating the zootechnical potential and resistance to stress larvae and post-larvae (PL). The parameters salinity, temperature, pH and oxygen dissolved were controlled. The post-larvae submitted for P2 presented medium values higher (p < 0,05) to length (PL 1 and PL 5), humid and dry weights (PL 5) and metamorphosis percentage (90%) compared to the other treatment, but as other variables did not differ. The final survival was 56,4% and 64,9% to post-larvae submitted to P1 and P2, respectively. Thus, the probiotic 2 showed better results than P1 for cultivation of L. vannamei incommercial hatchery system at some stages of development.

O objetivo do trabalho foi a avaliação da diferença entre o tratamento com o probiótico 1 (P1) e o tratamento com o probiótico 2 (P2) no cultivo larval de Litopenaeus vannamei, com duração de 18 dias. O tratamento com o P1 consistiu na adição do probiótico comercial Epicin G2 (Epicore Networks Eastampton, Estados Unidos) contendo Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. pumilus e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No tratamento com o P2 foi utilizado o probiótico comercial ProBacyl (Bern&Roc Aquacultura Ltda, Ceará-Mirim, Brasil) com uma mistura de B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pediococcus acidilactici e bactérias probióticas (total). As unidades experimentais consistiram em seis tanques de 15.000 L, e cada tratamento contou com três repetições. Os probióticos foram aplicados diariamente na água, avaliando-se o potencial zootécnico e a resistência a estresse iônico de larvas e pós-larvas (PL). Os parâmetros salinidade, temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido foram controlados. As pós-larvas submetidas ao P2 apresentaram valores médios maiores (p < 0,05) para comprimento (PL 1 e PL 5), pesos úmido e seco (PL 5) e percentual de metamorfose (90%) em relação às pós-larvas do outro tratamento, e os valores das demais variáveis não diferiram. A sobrevivência final foi de 56,4% e 64,9% para póslarvas submetidas ao P1 e ao P2, respectivamente. Dessa forma, o probiótico 2 apresentou melhores resultados que o P1 para o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema de larvicultura comercial em algumas fases de desenvolvimento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of the search was evaluation of the difference between treatment with the probiotic 1 (P1) in relation when treatment with probiotic 2 (P2) in the larvae cultivation of the Litopenaeus vannamei, these were culture for 18 days. The treatment with P1 consisted in the addition of the commercial probiotic Epicin G2 (Epicore Networks Eastampton, United State) containing Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. pumilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the treatment with P2, was utilized commercial probiotic ProBacyl (Bern&Roc Aquacultura Ltda, Ceará-Mirim, Brazil) with a mixture of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pediococcus acidilactici and probiotic bacteria (total). The experimental units consisted of six tanks of 15,000 L, and each treatment had three repetitions. The probiotics were applied daily in the water, evaluating the zootechnical potential and resistance to stress larvae and post-larvae (PL). The parameters salinity, temperature, pH and oxygen dissolved were controlled. The post-larvae submitted for P2 presented medium values higher (p < 0,05) to length (PL 1 and PL 5), humid and dry weights (PL 5) and metamorphosis percentage (90%) compared to the other treatment, but as other variables did not differ. The final survival was 56,4% and 64,9% to post-larvae submitted to P1 and P2, respectively. Thus, the probiotic 2 showed better results than P1 for cultivation of L. vannamei incommercial hatchery system at some stages of development.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi a avaliação da diferença entre o tratamento com o probiótico 1 (P1) e o tratamento com o probiótico 2 (P2) no cultivo larval de Litopenaeus vannamei, com duração de 18 dias. O tratamento com o P1 consistiu na adição do probiótico comercial Epicin G2 (Epicore Networks Eastampton, Estados Unidos) contendo Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. pumilus e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No tratamento com o P2 foi utilizado o probiótico comercial ProBacyl (Bern&Roc Aquacultura Ltda, Ceará-Mirim, Brasil) com uma mistura de B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pediococcus acidilactici e bactérias probióticas (total). As unidades experimentais consistiram em seis tanques de 15.000 L, e cada tratamento contou com três repetições. Os probióticos foram aplicados diariamente na água, avaliando-se o potencial zootécnico e a resistência a estresse iônico de larvas e pós-larvas (PL). Os parâmetros salinidade, temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido foram controlados. As pós-larvas submetidas ao P2 apresentaram valores médios maiores (p < 0,05) para comprimento (PL 1 e PL 5), pesos úmido e seco (PL 5) e percentual de metamorfose (90%) em relação às pós-larvas do outro tratamento, e os valores das demais variáveis não diferiram. A sobrevivência final foi de 56,4% e 64,9% para póslarvas submetidas ao P1 e ao P2, respectivamente. Dessa forma, o probiótico 2 apresentou melhores resultados que o P1 para o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema de larvicultura comercial em algumas fases de desenvolvimento.(AU)

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RESUMO

An ethogram was prepared to characterize and describe the behavior of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the laboratory so that its behavior would foreground in-depth analysis of the species´s culture. Sixty prawns were observed during 30 days through the ad libitum method, featuring one-hour continuous reports, at 07:00-08:00; 08:30-09:30; 10:00-11:00; 11:30-12:30; 13:00-14:00; 14:30-15:30; 16:00-17:00; 17:30-18:30. M. rosenbergii developed several behavioral activities with 28 categories and grouped in activity classes, such as, maintenance, locomotion, feeding and agonism. Characterization, description and understanding of the behavioral repertoire of M. rosenbergii through methodologies and observation tools typical of behavioral studies are an important step towards the improvement of technical management and welfare of the animal in captivity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

An ethogram was prepared to characterize and describe the behavior of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the laboratory so that its behavior would foreground in-depth analysis of the species´s culture. Sixty prawns were observed during 30 days through the ad libitum method, featuring one-hour continuous reports, at 07:00-08:00; 08:30-09:30; 10:00-11:00; 11:30-12:30; 13:00-14:00; 14:30-15:30; 16:00-17:00; 17:30-18:30. M. rosenbergii developed several behavioral activities with 28 categories and grouped in activity classes, such as, maintenance, locomotion, feeding and agonism. Characterization, description and understanding of the behavioral repertoire of M. rosenbergii through methodologies and observation tools typical of behavioral studies are an important step towards the improvement of technical management and welfare of the animal in captivity.(AU)

Assuntos