RESUMO
Allergic diseases affect up to 30% of the western population, and their prevalence is increasing. Probiotics are able to modulate the mucosal immune response, and clinical trials demonstrated that specific strains, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ones, reduce allergic symptoms. Moreover, the use of recombinant probiotics has been evaluated as possible strategies for the immunotherapy of allergic diseases. The production and delivery of allergens by recombinant LAB in concert with their ability to induce a Th1-type immune response have been shown to be a promising mucosal vaccination strategy in mouse model. The aim of this article is to review the applications of probiotics in allergy immunotherapy with a special focus on recombinant LAB delivering proteins or DNA.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade/terapia , Imunoterapia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Alérgenos/genética , Alérgenos/imunologia , Animais , Bifidobacterium/genética , DNA/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Lactobacillus/genética , Camundongos , Hipersensibilidade a Leite/terapia , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologiaRESUMO
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an attractive and safe alternative for the expression of heterologous proteins, as they are nonpathogenic and endotoxin-free organisms. Lactococcus lactis, the LAB model organism, has been extensively employed in the biotechnology field for large-scale production of heterologous proteins, and its use as a "cell factory" has been widely studied. We have been particularly interested in the use of L. lactis for production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which reportedly play important roles in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, this activity has been questioned, as LPS contamination appears to be responsible for most, if not all, immunostimulatory activity of HSPs. In order to study the effect of pure HSPs on the immune system, we constructed recombinant L. lactis strains able to produce and properly address the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa HSP (Hsp65) to the cytoplasm or to the extracellular medium, using a xylose-induced expression system. Approximately 7 mg/L recombinant Hsp65 was secreted. Degradation products related to lactococcal HtrA activity were not observed, and the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay demonstrated that the amount of LPS in the recombinant Hsp65 preparations was 10-100 times lower than the permitted levels established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. These new L. lactis strains will allow investigation of the effects of M. leprae Hsp65 without the interference of LPS; consequently, they have potential for a variety of biotechnological, medical and therapeutic applications.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Chaperonina 60/genética , Lactococcus lactis/metabolismo , Mycobacterium leprae/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA , Lactococcus lactis/genética , Mycobacterium leprae/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Proteínas Recombinantes/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to ten antimicrobial agents and the presence of bla ( TEM1 ) gene of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from three natural oligotrophic lakes with varying degrees of anthropogenic influence. A total of 272 indigenous bacteria were recovered on eosin methylene blue medium; they were characterized for antimicrobial resistance and identified taxonomically by homology search and phylogenetic comparisons. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequences analysis, 97% of the isolates were found to be Gram-negative bacteria; they belonged to 11 different genera. Members of the genera Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas predominated. Most of the bacteria were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The incidence of resistance to beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, and mercury was high, whereas resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and nalidixic acid was low. There was a great frequency of multiple resistances among the isolates from the three lakes, although no significant differences were found among the disturbed and reference lakes. The ampicillin resistance mechanism of 71% of the isolates was due to the gene bla ( TEM1 ). Our study suggests that multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria and the bla ( TEM1 ) gene are common in freshwater oligotrophic lakes, which are subject to different levels of anthropogenic inputs.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbiologia da Água , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Água Doce/análise , Água Doce/microbiologia , Genes Bacterianos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/genética , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
A freshwater enterobacterial population (N = 111) was studied for antimicrobial and mercury resistance patterns, and for its possible association with biotic and abiotic factors in that environment. Conventional biochemical tests identified Klebsiella sp, Morganella sp, Serratia sp, Escherichia sp, Enterobacter sp, Edwarsiella sp, Proteus sp, Citrobacter sp, Providencia sp, and Kluyvera sp. There was no correlation between antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates and bacterial genera, but resistance patterns varied among water samples and between seasons. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was common (61%). The percentage of bacteria resistant to at least one antimicrobial differed between the rainy (100%) and dry seasons (89%). Resistance to beta-lactams and chloramphenicol was the most frequent and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin and kanamycin was less frequent. The main water variables examined (abiotic factors pH and temperature; biotic factor chlorophyll a concentration) did not influence antimicrobial resistance. Significant impact on freshwater enterobacteria, as evidenced by antimicrobial-multiple resistance and by the presence of bla(TEM) gene, may point to the fact that it has an important role in horizontal spread of resistance.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/metabolismo , Microbiologia da Água , Brasil , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Clorofila/química , Clorofila A , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Mercúrio/toxicidade , Modelos Estatísticos , Oxigênio/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Temperatura , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , beta-Lactamas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A freshwater enterobacterial population (N = 111) was studied for antimicrobial and mercury resistance patterns, and for its possible association with biotic and abiotic factors in that environment. Conventional biochemical tests identified Klebsiella sp, Morganella sp, Serratia sp, Escherichia sp, Enterobacter sp, Edwarsiella sp, Proteus sp, Citrobacter sp, Providencia sp, and Kluyvera sp. There was no correlation between antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates and bacterial genera, but resistance patterns varied among water samples and between seasons. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was common (61%). The percentage of bacteria resistant to at least one antimicrobial differed between the rainy (100%) and dry seasons (89%). Resistance to â-lactams and chloramphenicol was the most frequent and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin and kanamycin was less frequent. The main water variables examined (abiotic factors pH and temperature; biotic factor chlorophyll a concentration) did not influence antimicrobial resistance. Significant impact on freshwater enterobacteria, as evidenced by antimicrobial-multiple resistance and by the presence of blaTEM gene, may point to the fact that it has an important role in horizontal spread of resistance.