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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and non-toxicity of ciclopirox olamine-loaded liposomes against Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates. Initially, 24-1 fractional experimental design was carried out to obtain an optimized formulation of liposomes containing CPO (CPO-LipoC), which were then used to prepare stealth liposomes (CPO-LipoS). Liposomal formulations were characterized by their mean size diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and drug encapsulation efficiency (EE%). Immunosuppressed mice were exposed to CPO-LipoS at 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days to verify possible histopathological alterations in the liver and kidneys. Immunosuppressed mice infected with C. neoformans were treated with CPO-LipoS at 0.5 mg/kg/day for 14 days to quantify the fungal burden in spleen, liver, lungs, and brain. CPO-LipoS presented a mean size diameter, PDI, and EE% of 101.4 ± 0.7 nm, 0.307, and 96.4 ± 0.9%, respectively. CPO-LipoS was non-toxic for the liver and kidneys of immunosuppressed mice. At the survival curve, all infected animals submitted to treatment with CPO-LipoS survived until the end of the experiment. Treatment with CPO-LipoS reduced C. neoformans cells in the spleen (59.3 ± 3.4%), liver (75.0 ± 3.6%), lungs (75.7 ± 6.7%), and brain (54.2 ± 3.2%). CPO-LipoS exhibit antifungal activity against C. neoformans, and the encapsulation of CPO into stealth liposomes allows its use as a systemic drug for treating cryptococcosis.

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Introduction: syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by mycobacterium Treponema pallidum in which in its tertiary stage can lead to an aortic syphilitic aneurysm. Currently, such cases are rare because of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Objective: we aimed to carry out an anatomopathological analysis and histopathological examination of three cases potentially suspicious of aortic syphilitic aneurysm on human corpses. Methods: It was a descriptive study which 03 anatomic specimens of aortas from cadavers with ages ranging from 50 to 91 years obtained in Service checklist of deaths during the period from 2014 to 2015. We performed an anatomopathological and histopathological analysis with the use of special dyes. Results: through the macroscopic evaluation it was observed in all cases a dilation corresponding to arch of aorta where the intima obtained an aspect of longitudinal striation, classic of syphilitic process. As for histopathological study on the tissues treatment with the staining batteries, it was demonstrated the presence of the dissecting hematoma in all cases, besides necrosis and absence characteristic of the inflammatory process. Conclusion: the anatomopathological and histopathological study are diagnostic tools which have specific characteristics and are directed to assist in preliminary diagnosis of suspected cases of aortic syphilitic aneurysm in necropsies.

Introdução: a sífilis é uma doença sexualmente transmissível causada pela micobactéria Treponema pallidum em que, em seu estágio terciário, pode levar à um aneurisma aórtico sifilítico. Atualmente, esses casos são raros devido à eficácia da terapia com antibióticos. Objetivo: objetivou-se realizar uma análise anatomopatológica e exame histopatológico de três casos potencialmente suspeitos de aneurisma sifilítico aórtico em cadáveres humanos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo que avaliou 03 amostras anatômicas de aortas oriundas de cadáveres com idades variando de 50 a 91 anos, obtidas no Verificação de Serviço de óbitos no período de 2014 a 2015. Realizamos uma análise anatomopatológica e histopatológica com o uso de corantes especiais. Resultados: através da avaliação macroscópica observou-se em todos os casos uma dilatação correspondente ao arco de aorta onde a íntima obteve um aspecto de estriado longitudinal, clássico do processo sifilítico. Quanto ao estudo histopatológico dos tecidos tratados com as baterias de coloração, foi demonstrada a presença do hematoma dissecante em todos os casos, além da necrose e ausência característica do processo inflamatório. Conclusão: o estudo anatomopatológico e histopatológico são ferramentas diagnósticas com características específicas e orientadas a auxiliar no diagnóstico preliminar de casos suspeitos de aneurisma sifilítico aórtico em necropsias.

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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the most common female cancers and is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Viral infection leads to cell cycle deregulation by inactivating p53 and retinoblastoma protein by viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, respectively. Then, nuclear proteins such as DNA topoisomerase type IIa (TOP2A) and Ki-67 show increased expression because of increased cell division. These molecules are used as biomarkers for immunohistochemistry analysis of cervical tissue. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 110 women receiving regular gynecological surveillance at public health centers in Olinda - PE, Brazil. Cervicovaginal cells were collected to determine the presence of cytological abnormalities and HPV infection. Pap smear slides were used to evaluate the expression of TOP2A and Ki-67 using immunocytochemistry techniques. RESULTS: Of the 110 women, 75.4 % showed HPV-DNA(+) infection (83/110) and 29.1 % showed cellular abnormalities (32/110). Two atypical cells of undetermined significance, one low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and one high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion samples showed no HPV-DNA. TOP2A was positive in 71.9 % of samples, while Ki-67 was positive in 81.2 %. Immunocytochemistry results were positive in 4 of 5 atypical cells of undetermined significance samples. In HPV-DNA(+) samples with cytological abnormalities, immunocytochemistry results were positive 96.4 % of samples (p < 0.0001; odds ratio = 28.0). Among the samples infected with HR-HPV, TOP2A(+) was effective in 71 % samples, while and Ki-67(+) was 77.4 %. Ki-67 and TOP2A were positive for all samples infected with HPV6, HPV11, and HPV18. Ki-67 was also positive for all HPV16 samples, except for one negative sample in cytopathology analysis. CONCLUSIONS: TOP2A and Ki-67 antibodies may be used in combination for cervical cancer screening in immunocytochemistry assays.

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PURPOSE: To assess the histological response of damaged osteochondral tissue in the femoral condyles of rabbits after repairing the wounds with sugar cane biopolymer gel - compared to the control group. METHODS: The study investigated 16 New Zealand rabbits, at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. In all the animals, a lesion of 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep was induced in each right and left femoral condyle. Each animal has provided both knees, divided into medial and lateral condyle, resulting in 64 samples. 32 knees were divided into two groups: Right knee, medial and lateral condyles, filled with biopolymer; Left knee, medial and lateral condyles, unfilled. The anatomical specimens were removed, and subjected to histological techniques and morphometric and statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all the periods of the group under study an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells was found, while in the control group there was early healing produced by fibroblasts and few mononuclear cells with statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: The biopolymer gel caused an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells while the control group there was cicatrization mediated by fibroblasts.

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PURPOSE: To assess the histological response of damaged osteochondral tissue in the femoral condyles of rabbits after repairing the wounds with sugar cane biopolymer gel - compared to the control group. METHODS: The study investigated 16 New Zealand rabbits, at 90, 120 and 180 days after surgery. In all the animals, a lesion of 3.2 mm in diameter and 4 mm deep was induced in each right and left femoral condyle. Each animal has provided both knees, divided into medial and lateral condyle, resulting in 64 samples. 32 knees were divided into two groups: Right knee, medial and lateral condyles, filled with biopolymer; Left knee, medial and lateral condyles, unfilled. The anatomical specimens were removed, and subjected to histological techniques and morphometric and statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all the periods of the group under study an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells was found, while in the control group there was early healing produced by fibroblasts and few mononuclear cells with statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSION: The biopolymer gel caused an inflammatory reaction mediated by giant cells and mononuclear cells while the control group there was cicatrization mediated by fibroblasts.

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Malnutrition is responsible for a number of alterations that occur in the organism, including alterations in the cardiovascular system. We hypothesize that long periods of malnutrition occurring after weaning may also be responsible for alterations in the cardiovascular system. Wistar rats were separated into the two following experimental groups: a labina® diet-fed control group (CG) and a malnourished group (MG), fed a multi- deficient diet. Results showed that the mg presented significantly lower body weight (p < 0.001) in rats of all ages, higher heart rate (HR) (p < 0.05) when rats were 3, 4 and 5 months old and lower HR in rats from 6 to 9 months of age, in relation to the CG. Spectral analysis showed a significant increase in the low frequencies (LF) components in the MG compared to the CG from the third month onwards (p < 0.05), showing evidence of sympathetic predominance greater cardiac autonomic balance in the MG versus that of CG indicated that, although aging influences autonomic behavior, it may also be altered by nutrition. Morphologically, an increase in the ventricle weight/body weight ratio was seen in the MG. These results show that the hearts of rats in the MG were not spared from malnutrition age-related detrimental cardiac effects associated with malnutrition.

A má nutrição é responsável por várias alterações que ocorrem no organismo, incluindo o sistema cardiovascular. Nossa hipótese é que longos períodos de desnutrição podem ser responsáveis por alterações no cardiovasculares. Ratos wistar foram separados em dois grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC), alimentados com dieta labina® e um grupo malnutrido (GM), alimentados com dieta multideficiente. Resultados mostraram que GM apresentou menor peso corporal (p < 0,001) em todas as idades, maior frequência cardíaca (FC) (p < 0,05) nos ratos de três, quatro e cinco meses de idade e menor FC em ratos de seis a nove meses de idade, em relação ao GC. A análise espectral mostrou aumento nos componentes de baixas frequências (BF) no GM em relação ao GC a partir do terceiro mês (p < 0,05), mostrando evidências de predominância do simpático. Maior balanço autonômico cardíaco no GM em relação ao GC indicou que, embora o envelhecimento influencie o comportamento autonômico, pode também ser alterado pela nutrição. Morfologicamente, o aumento da proporção de peso de ventrículos/peso corporal do ventrículo foi visto no GM. Esses resultados mostram que os corações do GM não foram poupados pela má nutrição associada com a idade. Em detrimento dos efeitos cardíacos associados com a má nutrição.

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CONTEXT: Regeneration corresponds to the replacement of damaged cells with ones that have the same morphology and function. For experimental evaluation of materials that may favor the process of bone healing, defects are created with dimensions that prevent spontaneous regeneration. For the development and use of new drugs, it is necessary to study its effects in vitro, which depends on the formulation, concentration, and rate of irradiation in vivo and the route and frequency of administration; thus, it is possible to characterize the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in the response and cellular effects. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Cramoll-1,4 on the process of bone repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A formulation of biopharmaceutical lectin Cramoll-1,4 at a concentration of 300 mg/100 mL was applied in a single application via gamma radiation and its effect on the process of bone repair in rats was assessed. RESULTS: Histologically, it was observed that the bone defect is coated by loose connective tissue rich in fibroblasts, providing a range similar to the thick bone original and competing with site of new bone formation. This prevented direct contact between the formulation and experimental bone tissue, as, despite its proven effectiveness in experiments on the repair of skin lesions, the formulation used did not promote bone stimulation that would have promoted the tissue repair process. CONCLUSION: Because of the direct interference of loose tissue repair that prevented direct contact of the implant with the bone interface, the formulation did not promote bone stimulation.

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INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer has high prevalence and mortality among men. Some of the findings on prostate biopsy may be related to the prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the percentage of fragments affected by cancer in the prostate biopsy and the pathological staging in the surgical specimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Selected 159 patients underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2003 and 2009. Data was collected on age, digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score, number of biopsy fragments, number of fragments affected by tumor, and tumor extension in the surgical specimen. Statistical analysis with Student's t-test, chi-squared test, and multiple logistic regression evaluated the association of percentage of affected fragments (PAF) with tumor extension and its predictive value. RESULTS: The patients mean age and PSA were respectively 64 years and 8.5 ng/ml. Histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens revealed 20.8% of patients with extraprostatic disease, 8.2% with seminal vesicle invasion and 35.8% with positive margins. We found that patients with extraprostatic disease, positive surgical margins, and seminal vesicle invasion had a higher mean PAF. PAF was divided into three groups: less than 34%, 34% to 50%, and greater than 50%, and the higher the PFA, the larger the increase in pathological changes. CONCLUSION: PAF in biopsy is a simple and practical parameter, which should be used as a predictor of pathological stage in RP specimen.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de próstata é uma das neoplasias de maior prevalência e mortalidade entre os homens. Alguns dos achados na biópsia prostática podem estar relacionados com o prognóstico da doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do percentual de fragmentos acometidos (PFA) por câncer na biópsia prostática com estadiamento patológico na peça cirúrgica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 159 pacientes submetidos à prostatectomia radical (PR) entre 2003 e 2009. Foram coletados dados sobre idade, exame retal digital, antígeno prostático específico (PSA), escore de Gleason, número de fragmentos da biópsia, número de fragmentos acometidos e extensão tumoral na peça operatória. A análise estatística com os testes t de Student, qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla avaliou a associação do PFA com a extensão tumoral e o seu valor preditivo. RESULTADOS: A média de idade e PSA dos pacientes foram, respectivamente, de 64 anos e 8,5 ng/ml. A avaliação histopatológica revelou 20,8% de pacientes com doença extraprostática; 8,2% com invasão das vesículas seminais e 35,8% com margens comprometidas. Encontramos, nos pacientes com doença extraprostática, margens cirúrgicas comprometidas e invasão das vesículas seminais, uma média do PFA significativamente superior. O PFA foi estratificado em três grupos: menor que 34%; 34% a 50% e maior que 50%; quanto maior o PFA, maior o aumento nas alterações patológicas. CONCLUSÃO: O PFA na biópsia é parâmetro simples e prático que pode ser utilizado como preditor da extensão tumoral no espécime da prostatectomia radical.

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Objetivo: identificar através da revisão sistemática a expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) nos diferentes graus de expressão e sua correlação com o prognóstico em portadores de câncer de colo uterino. Método: revisão sistemática de pesquisa nas bases de dados: PubMed, MedLine Old, MedLine, LILACS, SciELO e Science Direct. Resultados: foram encontrados 107 publicações, sendo 9 na PubMed, 80 na MedLine, 2 na MedLine Old, 16 na Science Direct e nenhuma no LILACS e SciELO. Apenas 13 artigos foram selecionados baseados nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Conclusão: apesar da escassez de estudos envolvendo a expressão do VEGF no câncer de colo uterino, há a possibilidade de correlacionar a expressão com pior prognóstico

Objective: to identify through a systematic review the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in different degrees of expression and its correlation with prognosis in patients with cervix cancer. Method: the systematic review was realized through research on databases: PubMed, MedLine Old, MedLine, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct. Results: 107 publications were found, which 9 in PubMed, 80 in Medline, 2 in Old Medline, 16 in Science Direct and none in LILACS and SciELO. Only 13 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusion: despite the scarcity of studies involving the expression of VEGF in cervical cancer, it is possible to correlate the expression with worse prognosis.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hydroalcoholic solutions of propolis, a resinous product produced by bees, have been currently employed in improving the cicatricial repair. Biological activity of propolis might be related to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomudalatory properties. AIM OF THIS STUDY: Investigate the suitability of the collagen-based films containing hydroalcoholic extracts of two different varieties of Brazilian propolis (green and red ones) on the dermal burn healing in rodent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis (RP) or Green propolis (GP) were incorporated into collagen-based dressing films (COL). Burn wounds were performed in the dorsum of Wistar rats and dressing with COL, COL+GPa (0.5%), COL+GPb (1,0%) or COL+RP (0.5%). A control group (CTR) was performed keeping the wound undressed. The histological analyses were carried out after 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days for histological assessment of the inflammatory response, epithelization rates (ER), myofibroblastic count (MC) and collagenization pattern. RESULTS: GPa, GPb and RP provided significant decrease of the inflammatory severity, improved the ER in GPa in 7 (p=0.000), 14 (p=0.000), 21 (p=0.005) and 30 days (p=0.015), and induced earlier replacement of type-III for type-I collagen (p<0.05) than COL and CTR. In all the groups, the MC increased progressively from 3 to 14 days, and then started to decrease slowly until 21 days. Although no significant difference was observed among the groups in 3, 7 and 30 days, the MC was significantly increased in RP in 14 (p=0.0001) and 21 days (p=0.04), as well as grosser interlacement of the collagen bundles compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of hydroalcoholic extracts of Brazilian propolis improved the biological events associated to burn healing without toxic effects, but the red variety provided the best results. Therefore, these collagen-based containing natural apicultural products films may be considered a promising new dressing for wound occlusion and tissue repairing.

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