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BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a common disease in reproductive-age women and it is estimated to occur in up to 50% of those with infertility. Intestinal involvement is reported in up to a third of the cases. This condition is related to chronic pain and loss of quality of life, resulting in emotional, social and economic costs. Treatment consists of hormonal block and surgical resection, with variable side effects and efficacy. The best choice for surgical treatment for rectal endometriosis is a matter of discussion regarding the indication and the best technique to be employed. OBJECTIVE: To summarize data on indications, results and complications of surgical techniques for the treatment of rectal endometriosis. METHODS: This comprehensive systematic review is a compilation of the available literature and discussion, carried out by a team with experience in the surgical treatment of intestinal endometriosis. Data regarding indications, results and complications of conservative and radical techniques for the surgical treatment of rectal endometriosis was carefully reviewed. Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL up to May 2021 were performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that compared at least two of the three surgical techniques of interest (i.e., shaving, discoid resection, segmental resection). RESULTS: One RCT and nine case series studies with a total of 3,327 patients met the eligibility criteria. Participants ages ranged from a mean of 30.0 to 37.9 years old. Mean follow-up ranged from 1.2 to 42.76 months. With regards the methodological quality, overall the included studies presented a low risk of bias in the majority of the domains. Surgical treatment of rectal endometriosis is indicated for patients with obstructive symptoms and those with pain scores above 7/10. Patients with disease involving beyond muscularis propria of the rectum, documented in magnetic resonance imaging or transvaginal pelvic ultrasound with intestinal preparation, are candidates for discoid or segmental resection. The presence of multifocal disease, extension greater than 3 cm and infiltration greater than 50% of the loop circumference favor the radical technique. The distance from the lesion to the anal verge, age, symptoms and reproductive desire are other factors that influence the choice of the technique to be employed. The risk of complications and unfavorable functional results seems to be directly related to the complexity of the procedure. CONCLUSION: The choice of surgical technique performed for the treatment of rectal endometriosis is a matter of discussion and depends not only on the preoperative staging, but also on the patient's expectations, risks and potential complications, recurrence rates and the expertise of the multidisciplinary team.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common disease in reproductive-age women and it is estimated to occur in up to 50% of those with infertility. Intestinal involvement is reported in up to a third of the cases. This condition is related to chronic pain and loss of quality of life, resulting in emotional, social and economic costs. Treatment consists of hormonal block and surgical resection, with variable side effects and efficacy. The best choice for surgical treatment for rectal endometriosis is a matter of discussion regarding the indication and the best technique to be employed. OBJECTIVE To summarize data on indications, results and complications of surgical techniques for the treatment of rectal endometriosis. METHODS: This comprehensive systematic review is a compilation of the available literature and discussion, carried out by a team with experience in the surgical treatment of intestinal endometriosis. Data regarding indications, results and complications of conservative and radical techniques for the surgical treatment of rectal endometriosis was carefully reviewed. Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL up to May 2021 were performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that compared at least two of the three surgical techniques of interest (i.e., shaving, discoid resection, segmental resection). RESULTS: One RCT and nine case series studies with a total of 3,327 patients met the eligibility criteria. Participants ages ranged from a mean of 30.0 to 37.9 years old. Mean follow-up ranged from 1.2 to 42.76 months. With regards the methodological quality, overall the included studies presented a low risk of bias in the majority of the domains. Surgical treatment of rectal endometriosis is indicated for patients with obstructive symptoms and those with pain scores above 7/10. Patients with disease involving beyond muscularis propria of the rectum, documented in magnetic resonance imaging or transvaginal pelvic ultrasound with intestinal preparation, are candidates for discoid or segmental resection. The presence of multifocal disease, extension greater than 3 cm and infiltration greater than 50% of the loop circumference favor the radical technique. The distance from the lesion to the anal verge, age, symptoms and reproductive desire are other factors that influence the choice of the technique to be employed. The risk of complications and unfavorable functional results seems to be directly related to the complexity of the procedure. CONCLUSION: The choice of surgical technique performed for the treatment of rectal endometriosis is a matter of discussion and depends not only on the preoperative staging, but also on the patient's expectations, risks and potential complications, recurrence rates and the expertise of the multidisciplinary team.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A endometriose é uma doença prevalente em mulheres em idade reprodutiva e estimada em até 50% daquelas com infertilidade. O acometimento intestinal é reportado em até um terço dos casos. A doença é relacionada a dor crônica e perda de qualidade de vida, implicando em custos emocionais, sociais e econômicos. O tratamento consiste em bloqueio hormonal e ressecção cirúrgica, com efeitos colaterais e eficácia variáveis. A abordagem cirúrgica da endometriose do reto, conservadora ou radical, é motivo de discussão no que tange a indicação e a melhor técnica a ser empregada. OBJETIVO: Resumir os dados da literatura sobre as indicações, resultados e complicações das técnicas cirúrgicas para o tratamento da endometriose do reto. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão sistemática abrangente é uma seleção de estudos da literatura e sua discussão, realizada por equipe com experiência no tratamento cirúrgico da endometriose intestinal, sobre as indicações, resultados e complicações das técnicas conservadoras, ressecção superficial e discoide, e radical para o tratamento cirúrgico da endometriose do reto. Foi realizada uma estratégia de busca nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, e CENTRAL até maio de 2021 para identificar ensaios clínicos randomizados e estudos observacionais que compararam pelo menos duas das três técnicas cirúrgicas de interesse (i.e., shaving, ressecção discóide, ressecção segmental). RESULTADOS: Um ensaio clínico randomizado e nove séries de casos, com um total de 3.327 pacientes, preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade da revisão. A idade dos participantes variou de uma média de 30,0 a 37,9 anos. O seguimento médio variou de 1,2 a 42,76 meses. Referente à qualidade metodológica, no geral os estudos incluídos apresentaram baixo risco de viés na maioria dos domínios avaliados. O tratamento cirúrgico das pacientes com endometriose do reto está indicado para as pacientes com sintomas obstrutivos e naquelas com escores de dor acima de 7/10. As pacientes com doença além da camada muscular própria do reto, documentada por meio de ressonância magnética ou ultrassonografia pélvica transvaginal com preparo intestinal, são candidatas a ressecção discoide ou segmentar. A presença de doença multifocal, extensão maior de 3 cm e infiltração maior 50% da circunferência da alça favorecem a técnica radical. A altura da lesão em relação a borda anal, idade, sintomatologia e desejo reprodutivo são outros fatores que podem influenciar na escolha da técnica a ser empregada. O risco de complicações e resultados funcionais desfavoráveis parecem estar relacionados diretamente a complexidade do procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: A escolha da técnica cirúrgica, conservadora ou radical, realizada pela via laparoscópica, para o tratamento da endometriose do reto é motivo de discussão e depende não somente do estadiamento pré-operatório, mas também das expectativas da paciente, dos riscos e potenciais complicações, das taxas de recorrência e da expertise da equipe multidisciplinar.

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Video 1Endoluminal vacuum therapy Endo-SPONGE for the treatment of complete dehiscence of low colorectal anastomosis.

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BACKGROUND: There are several therapeutic options for symptomatic hemorrhoids, from hygienic and dietary measures to conventional surgery. The best technique adopted for alternative and non-surgical treatment for intermediate grade (II and III) hemorrhoidal disease is rubber band ligation. More recently, the technique has been used with the aid of a gastroscope and a kit of elastic rubber bands for esophageal varices. This technique was called Endoscopic Rubber Band Ligation of hemorrhoids (ERBL). OBJECTIVE: The objective is Compare the results and the incidence of the immediate and late complications in patients undergoing ERBL. The satisfaction with the treatment of patients undergoing different number of rubber band ligatures were also analyzed. METHODS: This is a cohort study included patients undergoing ERBL from 2007 to 2014 at the hospital. The incidence of early and late complications and the satisfaction with the treatment of patients undergoing until two ligatures and patients undergoing three or more ligatures in the same procedure were compared. RESULTS: The study included 116 patients. The most frequently reported symptom was anal bleeding (n=72; 62.1%). The number of rubber band ligatures performed during the ERBL procedure varied from one to six; 84 (72,4%) patients had three or more rubber band ligatures performed during the procedure. No significant associations were observed between the incidence of early or late complications and satisfaction with ERBL among the group subjected until two rubber band ligatures or three or more rubber band ligatures. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic elastic ligation method proved to be a feasible, safe and efficient for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease grades II and III. The technique had moderate rates of immediate and late complications, but most of the complications are considered of low magnitude, easily resolved and without clinical repercussions, no matter how much ligations were performed in the same procedure.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There are several therapeutic options for symptomatic hemorrhoids, from hygienic and dietary measures to conventional surgery. The best technique adopted for alternative and non-surgical treatment for intermediate grade (II and III) hemorrhoidal disease is rubber band ligation. More recently, the technique has been used with the aid of a gastroscope and a kit of elastic rubber bands for esophageal varices. This technique was called Endoscopic Rubber Band Ligation of hemorrhoids (ERBL). OBJECTIVE: The objective is Compare the results and the incidence of the immediate and late complications in patients undergoing ERBL. The satisfaction with the treatment of patients undergoing different number of rubber band ligatures were also analyzed. METHODS: This is a cohort study included patients undergoing ERBL from 2007 to 2014 at the hospital. The incidence of early and late complications and the satisfaction with the treatment of patients undergoing until two ligatures and patients undergoing three or more ligatures in the same procedure were compared. RESULTS: The study included 116 patients. The most frequently reported symptom was anal bleeding (n=72; 62.1%). The number of rubber band ligatures performed during the ERBL procedure varied from one to six; 84 (72,4%) patients had three or more rubber band ligatures performed during the procedure. No significant associations were observed between the incidence of early or late complications and satisfaction with ERBL among the group subjected until two rubber band ligatures or three or more rubber band ligatures. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic elastic ligation method proved to be a feasible, safe and efficient for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease grades II and III. The technique had moderate rates of immediate and late complications, but most of the complications are considered of low magnitude, easily resolved and without clinical repercussions, no matter how much ligations were performed in the same procedure.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Existem diversas opções terapêuticas para o tratamento da doença hemorroidária sintomática, desde medidas higienodietéticas até cirurgia. A técnica mais consagrada para o tratamento alternativo e não operatório da doença hemorroidária em graus intermediários (graus II e III) é a ligadura elástica. Mais recentemente, tem se utilizado a técnica com o auxílio de um gastroscópio e um kit de ligadura elástica de varizes esofágicas. Esta técnica recebeu o nome de ligadura elástica endoscópica (LEE) de mamilos hemorroidários. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a exequibilidade do método de LEE. Descrever os resultados e as complicações imediatas e tardias de pacientes submetidos a LEE. Comparar a incidência de complicações precoces e tardias e a satisfação com o tratamento de pacientes submetidos de uma a duas LEE e de pacientes submetidos a três ou mais LEE no mesmo procedimento. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, em que foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à LEE no período de janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2014, no setor de Endoscopia da Sociedade Beneficente de Senhoras Hospital Sírio-Libanês. As informações foram obtidas a partir dos prontuários médicos do hospital e dos prontuários dos consultórios privados dos médicos que realizaram os procedimentos e registrados em uma ficha padronizada de coleta de dados. As incidências de complicações precoces e tardias e a satisfação com o tratamento de pacientes submetidos a uma ou duas ligaduras e dos submetidos a três ou mais ligaduras no mesmo procedimento foram comparadas com uso do teste de qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 116 pacientes, dos quais 76 (65,5%) eram homens. A idade dos mesmos variou de 30 a 88 anos (média =53,9 anos; desvio padrão =11,6 anos). O sintoma mais frequentemente relatado foi sangramento anal (n=72; 62,1%). O número de ligaduras realizadas, durante o procedimento de LEE, variou de um a seis; 49 (42,2%) pacientes tiveram quatro ou mais ligaduras realizadas durante o procedimento. Não foram observadas associações significativas entre a incidência de complicações precoces ou tardias e a satisfação com a LEE, entre os grupos submetidos a uma a duas ligaduras ou a três a seis ligaduras. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de complicações precoces e tardias foi baixa, entre os pacientes submetidos à LEE, o que sugere que o método é seguro e exequível. A realização de mais de duas ligaduras, durante o mesmo procedimento, não esteve associada, significativamente, a aumento da incidência de complicações, o que reforça a opção da LEE como método para o tratamento não operatório da doença hemorroidária não complicada em graus II e III.

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ABSTRACT A total of 38,686 colonoscopies were performed between January 1985 and December 2012 at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, in São Paulo, Brazil. Two hundred thirty-four patients (0.6%) had acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding of moderate or severe intensity. A definitive diagnosis was possible in 151 cases, 64.5% of these patients.This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Medical charts were reviewed.All examinations were done under sedation by the same medical team.The predominant sources of bleeding were colonic diverticula (73 patients; 31%), ischemic or infectious colitis (18 patients; 7.7%) and radiation proctitis (18 patients; 7.7%).A specific therapeutic intervention was performed on 61 of the 151 patients who had the diagnosis confirmed (40.4%), according to the source of bleeding. Most patients with postpolypectomy bleeding were treated with injection of epinephrine (40%) and clipping (40%). Patients with angiodysplasia were treated predominantly with argon plasma coagulation (42%).Injection of epinephrine was the most frequent treatment, regardless of the source of bleeding (34.4%), followed by argon plasma coagulation (31.1%).Control of active hemorrhage was achieved endoscopically in 98.8% of the patients.Our data shows that early colonoscopy in the management of patients with suspected acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMO No total, 38.686 colonoscopias foram realizadas entre janeiro de 1985 e dezembro de 2012 no Hospital Sírio-Libanês, em São Paulo, Brasil. 234 pacientes (0,6%) sofriam de sangramento gastrointestinal baixo agudo (SGIBA) de intensidade moderada ou grave. Em 151 casos (64,5% desses pacientes) foi possível estabelecer um diagnóstico definitivo.O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Revisão Institucional. Os prontuários clínicos foram revisados.Todos os exames foram realizados com o paciente sedado e pela mesma equipe clínica.As origens predominantes de sangramento foram divertículos colônicos (73 pacientes; 31%), colite isquêmica ou infecciosa (18 pacientes; 7,7%) e proctite por radiação (18 pacientes; 7,7%).Uma intervenção terapêutica específica foi realizada em 61 dos 151 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado (40,4%), de acordo com a origem do sangramento. Em sua maioria, os pacientes com sangramento pós-polipectomia foram tratados com injeção de adrenalina (40%) e por clipping (40%). Os pacientes com angiodisplasia foram tratados predominantemente com coagulação com plasma de argônio (42%).O tratamento mais frequentemente administrado foi a injeção de adrenalina, independentemente da origem do sangramento (34,4%), seguida pela coagulação com plasma de argônio (31,1%).O controle da hemorragia ativa foi obtido por via endoscópica em 98,8% dos pacientes. Nossos dados revelam que o uso precoce da colonoscopia no tratamento de pacientes com suspeita de SGIBA é instrumento útil para o diagnóstico e tratamento.

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