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We conducted a lab-in-the-field experiment in which 214 Colombian rural workers must choose between cash or voucher payment for completing a real effort task. Although the voucher may be perceived as non-fungible, it halves the probability of suffering a negative shock that will reduce the participant's payment by two-thirds. Participants made four decisions in which we vary the voucher values such that this payment method offers, in expectation, between 88% to 123% of the cash payment (fixed across decisions). We find that uptake rates go from 32% to 56%, from the least to the most generous voucher. These rates are consistently larger compared to a reference sample of undergrad students from the same region (p-values from the χ2 tests for all four decisions fall below 0.035). Our between-subjects variations reveal that presenting the vouchers in descending order yields a higher uptake than the ascending order (p < 0.001 for the corresponding coefficient in a tobit and ordered logit regressions including municipality characteristics, an effect driven by the two decisions with the lowest voucher values, with p-values of 0.008 and 0.072 in the χ2 tests, respectively). We interpret this result as an endowment effect of the voucher's risk reduction.
Assuntos
Projetos de Pesquisa , População Rural , Humanos , ColômbiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population from the urban area of Bucaramanga. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional survey conducted between September and November 2013. The SF-36 questionnaire was applied to measure HRQoL in the general population of four neighborhoods selected for convenience. The information was systematized in Excel and scores for each domain were calculated and compared by age, sex, occupation, schooling and socioeconomic status of the participants. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 1 098 people, aged between 15 and 99 years, 732 (66.7%) women, with an average age of 46 years, median of schooling of 11 years, residents in socioeconomic strata 1 to 4, dedicated mainly to commerce/services and home. The scores in all the domains were above 60%, which is considered an indicator of good HRQoL; however, HRQoL decreases as age increases. On the other hand, men showed better HRQoL scores than women in all domains, as well as students and people with higher education. DISCUSSION: The HRQoL in this population was reported as good, although differences were identified by age, sex, education and occupation that may suggest inequities in the access and use of health services. These findings guide health promotion actions aimed at improving HRQoL in these vulnerable groups as part of the strategies of the Ten-Year Public Health Plan of the city.
OBJETIVO: Determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en población general del área urbana de Bucaramanga. METODOLOGÍA: Encuesta transversal, realizada entre septiembre y noviembre de 2013, donde se aplicó el cuestionario SF-36 para medir CVRS en población general residentes en cuatro barrios seleccionados por conveniencia. La información fue sistematizada en el programa Excel, se calcularon puntajes por cada dominio y se compararon por edad, sexo, ocupación, escolaridad y estrato socioeconómico de los participantes. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistaron 1 098 personas entre 15 y 99 años, 732 (66,7%) mujeres, con edad promedio de 46 años, mediana de escolaridad de 11 años, residentes en estratos socioeconómicos 1 a 4, dedicados principalmente a actividades de comercio/ servicios y hogar. Los puntajes en todos los dominios fueron superiores a 60%, considerados indicadores de buena CVRS. Sin embargo, hay un decline de la CVRS con el aumento de la edad, en contraste, los hombres mostraron mejores puntajes de CVRS que las mujeres en todos los dominios, además los estudiantes y personas con mayor escolaridad presentaron niveles más altos de CVRS. DISCUSIÓN: La CVRS en ésta población fue reportada como buena, sin embargo, se identificaron diferencias por edad, sexo, escolaridad y ocupación; que pueden sugerir inequidades en el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud. Estos hallazgos orientan acciones de promoción de la salud tendientes a mejorar la CVRS en éstos grupos vulnerables, como parte de las estrategias del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública en la ciudad.
Assuntos
Nível de Saúde , Qualidade de Vida , Saúde da População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en población general del área urbana de Bucaramanga. Metodología Encuesta transversal, realizada entre septiembre y noviembre de 2013, donde se aplicó el cuestionario SF-36 para medir CVRS en población general residentes en cuatro barrios seleccionados por conveniencia. La información fue sistematizada en el programa Excel, se calcularon puntajes por cada dominio y se compararon por edad, sexo, ocupación, escolaridad y estrato socioeconómico de los participantes. Resultados Se entrevistaron 1 098 personas entre 15 y 99 años, 732 (66,7%) mujeres, con edad promedio de 46 años, mediana de escolaridad de 11 años, residentes en estratos socioeconómicos 1 a 4, dedicados principalmente a actividades de comercio/ servicios y hogar. Los puntajes en todos los dominios fueron superiores a 60%, considerados indicadores de buena CVRS. Sin embargo, hay un decline de la CVRS con el aumento de la edad, en contraste, los hombres mostraron mejores puntajes de CVRS que las mujeres en todos los dominios, además los estudiantes y personas con mayor escolaridad presentaron niveles más altos de CVRS. Discusión La CVRS en ésta población fue reportada como buena, sin embargo, se identificaron diferencias por edad, sexo, escolaridad y ocupación; que pueden sugerir inequidades en el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud. Estos hallazgos orientan acciones de promoción de la salud tendientes a mejorar la CVRS en éstos grupos vulnerables, como parte de las estrategias del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública en la ciudad.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population from the urban area of Bucaramanga. Materials and Method Cross-sectional survey conducted between September and November 2013. The SF-36 questionnaire was applied to measure HRQoL in the general population of four neighborhoods selected for convenience. The information was systematized in Excel and scores for each domain were calculated and compared by age, sex, occupation, schooling and socioeconomic status of the participants. Results Interviews were conducted with 1 098 people, aged between 15 and 99 years, 732 (66.7%) women, with an average age of 46 years, median of schooling of 11 years, residents in socioeconomic strata 1 to 4, dedicated mainly to commerce/services and home. The scores in all the domains were above 60%, which is considered an indicator of good HRQoL; however, HRQoL decreases as age increases. On the other hand, men showed better HRQoL scores than women in all domains, as well as students and people with higher education. Discussion The HRQoL in this population was reported as good, although differences were identified by age, sex, education and occupation that may suggest inequities in the access and use of health services. These findings guide health promotion actions aimed at improving HRQoL in these vulnerable groups as part of the strategies of the Ten-Year Public Health Plan of the city.(AU)
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Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Qualidade de Vida , Área Urbana , Saúde da População , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
RESUMEN El incremento de la obesidad en la sociedad se ha hecho evidente en los últimos años. Estadísticas recientes de entidades oficiales la ubican dentro de las enfermedades más prevalentes en el mundo. La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica proinflamatoria, que cursa con un desbalance en la actividad endocrina del tejido adiposo generando un cambio en el patrón de producción de determinadas adipocitoquinas relacionadas con el incremento en la resistencia a la acción de la insulina y el consecuente aumento de la glucemia, característicos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El tratamiento de estos desórdenes está orientado a disminuir la glucemia y reducir el peso del individuo que los padece. Los medicamentos utilizados para tratar ambas enfermedades comúnmente tienen efectos secundarios indeseables, lo que ha hecho que los farmacólogos estén en constante búsqueda de nuevos medicamentos. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una revisión del estado del arte en las dos enfermedades, tomando como punto de partida el hecho de que las dos tienen en común la inflamación sistémica leve y alteración del sistema inmune que desemboca en resistencia a la acción de la insulina y, además, señalar la actividad de algunos aceites esenciales estudiados hasta el momento en ratas y ratones como posibles alternativas terapéuticas en el control de la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.
Summary The increase of obesity in our society has become evident nowadays. Recent statistics from official entities place it within the most prevalent diseases in the world. Obesity is a chronic pro-inflammatory disease that causes an imbalance in endocrine activity of adipose tissue, changing the production pattern of certain adipocytokines related to insulin resistance, consequently there is an increase of glycemia characteristic in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The treatment for these disorders is aimed to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the weight of those who suffer it. The medicines used to treat both diseases usually have undesirable side effects, which have made pharmacologists be in constant search for new drugs. The aim of this publication is to review the state of the art on these two diseases, starting from the fact that both have in common mild systemic inflammation and immunological alterations that lead to resistance to insulin action, and additionally to describe the activity of some essential oils studied so far in rats and mice as possible therapeutic alternatives in controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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OBJECTIVE: To systematically review publications on Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes reported in domestic intermediate and definitive hosts in South America and in human cases worldwide, taking into account those articles where DNA sequencing was performed; and to analyse the density of each type of livestock that can act as intermediate host, and features of medical importance such as cyst organ location. METHODS: Literature search in numerous databases. We included only articles where samples were genotyped by sequencing since to date it is the most accurate method to unambiguously identify all E. granulosus s. l. genotypes. Also, we report new E. granulosus s. l. samples from Argentina and Uruguay analysed by sequencing of cox1 gene. RESULTS: In South America, five countries have cystic echinococcosis cases for which sequencing data are available: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay, adding up 1534 cases. E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden of human and livestock cases. Also, E. canadensis (G6) plays a significant role in human cystic echinococcosis. Likewise, worldwide analysis of human cases showed that 72.9% are caused by E. granulosus s. s. (G1) and 12.2% and 9.6% by E. canadensis G6 and G7, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: E. granulosus s. s. (G1) accounts for most of the global burden followed by E. canadensis (G6 and G7) in South America and worldwide. This information should be taken into account to suit local cystic echinococcosis control and prevention programmes according to each molecular epidemiological situation.
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Equinococose/parasitologia , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Genótipo , Gado/parasitologia , Animais , Equinococose/veterinária , Echinococcus , Humanos , América do SulRESUMO
The taeniid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of echinococcal disease, a major zoonosis with worldwide distribution. Several efforts to establish an in vitro model of E. granulosus have been undertaken; however, many of them have been designed for Echinococcus multilocularis. In the present study, we have described and characterized a stable cell line obtained from E. granulosus bovine protoscoleces maintained 3 yr in vitro. Growth characterization, morphology by light, fluorescent and electronic microscopy, and karyotyping were carried out. Cell culture origin was confirmed by immunofluorescent detection of AgB4 antigen and by PCR for the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 1 (DCO1) gene. Cells seeded in agarose biphasic culture resembled a cystic structure, similar to the one formed in secondary hosts. This cell line could be a useful tool to research equinococcal behavior, allowing additional physiological and pharmacological studies, such as the effect of growth factors, nutrients, and antiparasitic drugs on cell viability and growth and on cyst formation.