RESUMO
Lipids are a big family of molecules with a vast number of functions in the cell membranes, within the cytoplasm, and extracellularly. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the most common storage organelles and are present in almost every tissue type in the body. They also have structural functions serving as building blocks of cellular membranes and may be precursors of other molecules such as hormones, and lipoproteins, and as messengers in signal transduction. Fatty acids (FAs), such as sterol esters and triacylglycerols, are stored in LDs and are used in ß-oxidation as fuel for tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. FA uptake and entrance in the cytoplasm are mediated by membrane receptors. After a cytoplasmic round of α- and ß-oxidation, FAs are guided into the mitochondrial matrix by the L-carnitine shuttle system, where they are fully metabolized, and enter the TCA cycle. Pathogen infections may lead to impaired lipid metabolism, usage of membrane phospholipids, and LD accumulation in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Otherwise, bacterial pathogens may use lipid metabolism as a carbon source, thus altering the reactions and leading to cellular and organelles malfunctioning. This review aims to describe cellular lipid metabolism and alterations that occur upon infections.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fosfolipídeos , Triglicerídeos , BiologiaRESUMO
Lipids are a big family of molecules with a vast number of functions in the cell membranes, within the cytoplasm, and extracellularly. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the most common storage organelles and are present in almost every tissue type in the body. They also have structural functions serving as building blocks of cellular membranes and may be precursors of other molecules such as hormones, and lipoproteins, and as messengers in signal transduction. Fatty acids (FAs), such as sterol esters and triacylglycerols, are stored in LDs and are used in β-oxidation as fuel for tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. FA uptake and entrance in the cytoplasm are mediated by membrane receptors. After a cytoplasmic round of α- and β-oxidation, FAs are guided into the mitochondrial matrix by the L-carnitine shuttle system, where they are fully metabolized, and enter the TCA cycle. Pathogen infections may lead to impaired lipid metabolism, usage of membrane phospholipids, and LD accumulation in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Otherwise, bacterial pathogens may use lipid metabolism as a carbon source, thus altering the reactions and leading to cellular and organelles malfunctioning. This review aims to describe cellular lipid metabolism and alterations that occur upon infections.
RESUMO
Extracellular proteolytic enzymes are produced by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, and contribute to host colonization by modulating virulence. Here, we present a first characterization of leptolysin, a Leptospira metalloprotease of the pappalysin family identified in a previous exoproteomic study. Comparative molecular analysis of leptolysin with two other pappalysins from prokaryotes, ulilysin and mirolysin, reveals similarities regarding calcium, zinc, and arginine -binding sites conservation within the catalytic domain, but also discloses peculiarities. Variations observed in the primary and tertiary structures may reflect differences in primary specificities. Purified recombinant leptolysin of L. interrogans was obtained as a ~50 kDa protein. The protease exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 37°C, and hydrolytic activity was observed in the presence of different salts with maximum efficiency in NaCl. Substrate specificity was assessed using a small number of FRET peptides, and showed a marked preference for arginine residues at the P1 position. L. interrogans leptolysin proteolytic activity on proteinaceous substrates such as proteoglycans and plasma fibronectin was also evaluated. All proteins tested were efficiently degraded over time, confirming the protease´s broad-spectrum activity in vitro. In addition, leptolysin induced morphological alterations on HK-2 cells, which may be partially attributed to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Hemorrhagic foci were observed in the dorsal skin of mice intradermally injected with leptolysin, as a plausible consequence of ECM disarray and vascular endothelium glycocalyx damage. Assuming that leptospiral proteases play an important role in all stages of the infectious process, characterizing their functional properties, substrates and mechanisms of action is of great importance for therapeutic purposes.
Assuntos
Leptospira , Metaloproteases , Animais , Arginina/metabolismo , Leptospira/química , Leptospira/metabolismo , Leptospirose , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Metaloproteases/farmacologia , Camundongos , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismoRESUMO
The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].
RESUMO
Extracellular proteolytic enzymes are produced by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, and contribute to host colonization by modulating virulence. Here, we present a first characterization of leptolysin, a Leptospira metalloprotease of the pappalysin family identified in a previous exoproteomic study. Comparative molecular analysis of leptolysin with two other pappalysins from prokaryotes, ulilysin and mirolysin, reveals similarities regarding calcium, zinc, and arginine -binding sites conservation within the catalytic domain, but also discloses peculiarities. Variations observed in the primary and tertiary structures may reflect differences in primary specificities. Purified recombinant leptolysin of L. interrogans was obtained as a ~50 kDa protein. The protease exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 37°C, and hydrolytic activity was observed in the presence of different salts with maximum efficiency in NaCl. Substrate specificity was assessed using a small number of FRET peptides, and showed a marked preference for arginine residues at the P1 position. L. interrogans leptolysin proteolytic activity on proteinaceous substrates such as proteoglycans and plasma fibronectin was also evaluated. All proteins tested were efficiently degraded over time, confirming the protease´s broad-spectrum activity in vitro. In addition, leptolysin induced morphological alterations on HK-2 cells, which may be partially attributed to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Hemorrhagic foci were observed in the dorsal skin of mice intradermally injected with leptolysin, as a plausible consequence of ECM disarray and vascular endothelium glycocalyx damage. Assuming that leptospiral proteases play an important role in all stages of the infectious process, characterizing their functional properties, substrates and mechanisms of action is of great importance for therapeutic purposes.
RESUMO
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. The acute disease is well-described, and, although it resembles other tropical diseases, it can be diagnosed through the use of serological and molecular methods. While the chronic renal disease, carrier state, and kidney fibrosis due to Leptospira infection in humans have been the subject of discussion by researchers, the mechanisms involved in these processes are still overlooked, and relatively little is known about the establishment and maintenance of the chronic status underlying this infectious disease. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the cellular communication pathways involved in the renal fibrotic process, as well as the relationship between renal fibrosis due to leptospirosis and CKD/CKDu.
Assuntos
Fibrose/epidemiologia , Nefropatias/epidemiologia , Leptospira/fisiologia , Leptospirose/complicações , Animais , Fibrose/microbiologia , Humanos , Nefropatias/microbiologia , Leptospirose/microbiologiaRESUMO
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. The acute disease is well-described, and, although it resembles other tropical diseases, it can be diagnosed through the use of serological and molecular methods. While the chronic renal disease, carrier state, and kidney fibrosis due to Leptospira infection in humans have been the subject of discussion by researchers, the mechanisms involved in these processes are still overlooked, and relatively little is known about the establishment and maintenance of the chronic status underlying this infectious disease. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the cellular communication pathways involved in the renal fibrotic process, as well as the relationship between renal fibrosis due to leptospirosis and CKD/CKDu.
RESUMO
As hemoparasitoses, afecções responsáveis por complicações clínicas e hematológicas, são um grande desafio para o clínico e patolo-gista clínico. Sua alta incidência em todo o território brasileiro e a dificuldade observada para o estabelecimento de um diagnóstico preciso levam muitas vezes ao emprego de tentativas e diagnós-tico terapêutico. Os principais agentes etiológicos encontrados no Brasil são Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis e, com menor frequência e importância clí-nica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Os altos índices pluviométricos e temperaturas elevadas, observados no Brasil, país tropical, favorecem os ciclos de vida dos artrópodes vetores de tais agentes, e tornam seu controle um grande desafio para veterinários e proprietários de animais. Os agentes etiológicos determinam manifestações clínicas inespecíficas: febre, apatia, anorexia e alterações hematológicas como trombocitopenia e anemia, o que pode dificultar ainda mais sua detecção. Este trabalho descreve a ocorrência de hematozoá-rios em uma clínica veterinária particular no município de Lorena, São Paulo, e as principais alterações hematológicas encontradas nas avaliações dos animais acometidos pelas enfermidades
Hemoparasitosis, diseases that may cause clinical and hematological complications, are considered a great challenge to practitioners and clinical pathologists. Its high incidence in all Brazilian territory and the difficulty for a precise diagnosis can lead in most cases to a therapeutic diagnosis. Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis and with a lower frequency and clinical relevance, Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the main etiological agents affecting dogs in Brazil. The climatic conditions found in several Brazilian areas, such as high rain and temperature levels, favor the arthropods vectors life cycles. This subject became an important challenge to both veterinarians and pet owners. These etiological agents determine unspecific clinical signs, such as fever, apathy, anorexia and hematological alterations like thrombocytopenia and anemia, which may make their detection even more difficult. This paper describes the occurrence of hemoparasites and the hematological results of dogs attended in a veterinarian private clinic in the municipality of Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.CLÍNICA DE PEQUENOS ANIMAISHemoparasitas e bactérias hemotrópicas observadas por microscopia direta em amostras de sangue periférico de cães em uma clínica particular no município de Lorena, São Paulo, Brasil
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Babesiose/diagnóstico , Cães/microbiologia , Cães/parasitologia , Cães/sangue , Ehrlichiose/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnósticoRESUMO
As hemoparasitoses, afecções responsáveis por complicações clínicas e hematológicas, são um grande desafio para o clínico e patolo-gista clínico. Sua alta incidência em todo o território brasileiro e a dificuldade observada para o estabelecimento de um diagnóstico preciso levam muitas vezes ao emprego de tentativas e diagnós-tico terapêutico. Os principais agentes etiológicos encontrados no Brasil são Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis e, com menor frequência e importância clí-nica, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Os altos índices pluviométricos e temperaturas elevadas, observados no Brasil, país tropical, favorecem os ciclos de vida dos artrópodes vetores de tais agentes, e tornam seu controle um grande desafio para veterinários e proprietários de animais. Os agentes etiológicos determinam manifestações clínicas inespecíficas: febre, apatia, anorexia e alterações hematológicas como trombocitopenia e anemia, o que pode dificultar ainda mais sua detecção. Este trabalho descreve a ocorrência de hematozoá-rios em uma clínica veterinária particular no município de Lorena, São Paulo, e as principais alterações hematológicas encontradas nas avaliações dos animais acometidos pelas enfermidades(AU)
Hemoparasitosis, diseases that may cause clinical and hematological complications, are considered a great challenge to practitioners and clinical pathologists. Its high incidence in all Brazilian territory and the difficulty for a precise diagnosis can lead in most cases to a therapeutic diagnosis. Anaplasma platys, Babesia canis vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis and with a lower frequency and clinical relevance, Anaplasma phagocytophilum are the main etiological agents affecting dogs in Brazil. The climatic conditions found in several Brazilian areas, such as high rain and temperature levels, favor the arthropods vectors life cycles. This subject became an important challenge to both veterinarians and pet owners. These etiological agents determine unspecific clinical signs, such as fever, apathy, anorexia and hematological alterations like thrombocytopenia and anemia, which may make their detection even more difficult. This paper describes the occurrence of hemoparasites and the hematological results of dogs attended in a veterinarian private clinic in the municipality of Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.CLÍNICA DE PEQUENOS ANIMAISHemoparasitas e bactérias hemotrópicas observadas por microscopia direta em amostras de sangue periférico de cães em uma clínica particular no município de Lorena, São Paulo, Brasil(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Cães/sangue , Cães/parasitologia , Cães/microbiologia , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Babesiose/diagnóstico , Ehrlichiose/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnósticoRESUMO
Devido à alta frequência de lesões em membros locomotores e sua difícil cicatrização em equinos, há uma crescente busca por tratamentos alternativos e fitoterápicos, visando redução de custo e de fácil manipulação. O repolho vem sendo utilizado com êxito devido a propriedades adstringente e de regeneração tecidual, além de promover a proliferação de fibrosblastos e motilidade das células epiteliais na região do tecido lesionado. O óleo de Girassol ozonizado possui característica de penetrar nos tecidos, ocasionar homeostasia, e contribuir com ação bactericida, fungicida e aumentar fibrinogênio na lesão. Neste relato de caso, após o tratamento como Repolho e óleo de Girassol ozonizado, o equino obteve alta hospitalar em boas condições clínicas e a ferida em processo final de cicatrização.
Due to the high frequency of lesions on locomotor limbs and their difficult healing in equines, there is a growing search for alternative and phytotherapeutic treatments, aiming at cost reduction and easy manipulation. The cabbage has been used successfully due to abstergent and tissue regeneration properties, besides promoting fibroblast proliferation and epithelial cell motility in the region of the injured tissue. The ozonized sunflower oil has the characteristic of penetrating the tissues, causing homeostasis, and contributing with bactericidal, fungicidal action and increasing fibrinogen in the lesion. In this case report, after treatment with Cabbage and ozonized Sunflower oil, the horse was discharged in good clinical condition and the wound in the final healing process.
Debido la grande frecuencia de las lesiones en los membros de los equídeos y la dificultad de cicatrización de los mismo hay una búsqueda creciente por tratamentos alternativos y de fitoterapia, com el objetivo de reducir los gastos y para que sea fácil su manipulación. El repollo ha tenido un gran exito en el tratamento de heridas de piel debido sus propiedades astringentes y de regeneración de los tejidos, y también por promover la proliferación de fibroblastos y la motilidad de las células epiteliales en la región del tejido lesionado. El aceite de girasol con ozono tiene la característica de penetrar em los tejidos ayudando en la homeostasis y contribuye com una acción bactericida, fungicida y aumentando el fibrinogénio de la lesión. En este trabajo se objetiva presentar um caso de la utilización del repollo y de aceite de girasol con ozono, el equino obtuve alta hospitalaria em buenas condiciones clínicas y la herida de piel em proceso final de cicatrización.