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Wearable resistance (WR) and weighted vests (WV) can be used in almost all training conditions to enhance sprint performance; however, positioning and additional mass are different in WV and WR strategies, affecting performance and kinematics differently. We aimed to systematically review the literature, searching for intervention studies that reported the acute or chronic kinematic and performance impact of WV and WR and comparing them. We analyzed Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscuss databases for longitudinal and cross-over studies investigating sprint performance or kinematics using an inverse-variance with a random-effect method for meta-analysis. After the eligibility assessment, 25 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Cross-over WR and WV studies found significantly higher sprint times and higher ground contact times (CT) compared to unloaded (UL) conditions. However, WR presented a lower step frequency (SF) compared to UL, whereas WV presented a lower step length (SL). Only one study investigated the chronic adaptations for WR, indicating a superiority of the WR group on sprint time compared to the control group. However, no difference was found chronically for WV regarding sprint time, CT, and flight time (FT). Our findings suggest that using WV and WR in field sports demonstrates overload sprint gesture through kinematic changes, however, WR can be more suitable for SF-reliant athletes and WV for SL-reliant athletes. Although promising for chronic performance improvement, coaches and athletes should carefully consider WV and WR use since there is no supporting evidence that WV or WR will impact sprint performance, CT, and FT.

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We investigated whether the application of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) immediately after a standardized warm-up (WU + PBMT) or traditional PBMT (no pre-warming) would influence performance in intermittent testing and intensity variables. In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, twelve female futsal players (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.8 years) attended four sessions. Each session involved either a standardized warm-up or maintaining seated rest for five minutes. Subsequently, PBMT or placebo (with the PBMT device turned off) was applied, followed by the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1) during which we assessed heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate levels. The performance in YYIIR1 was superior (p = 0.02) in the WU + PBMT condition (440.0 ± 59.0 m) compared to the WU + Placebo (353.3 ± 94.7 m), and placebo alone (no warm-up) (325.0 ± 67.2 m). We conclude that a combination of a specific warm-up before PBMT application improves high-intensity intermittent performance in amateur female futsal players without affecting intensity variables.

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This study investigated the associations between total and regional body composition with performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), as well as strength and power tests (countermovement vertical jump-CMJ, squat jump-SJ, plyometric push-up-PPU, and force push-up-FPU). Twenty-three high-level judo athletes participated in this study. Initially, they underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, after which they performed the CMJ, SJ, PPU, and FPU tests. On another day, the SJFT was carried out. Correlations were tested using Pearson's test. The performance in the SJFT was correlated with the total and arm %fat mass (r = -0.759), torso fat mass (r = -0.802), torso %fat mass (r = -0.822) and in the lower limb regions with the leg fat mass (r = -0.803) and leg %fat (r = -0.745). In the strength and power tests, there were also negative correlations observed between regional fat and performance. There was a negative correlation between the percentage of total fat and performance in the SJFT (r = -0.824), SJ (r = -0.750), CMJ (r = -0.742), PPU (r = -0.609), and FPU (r = -0.736). Fat, both total fat and regional fat in the arms, torso, and legs, is strongly correlated with a poor performance in the SJFT and poor strength and power.

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Studies have shown that strength training (ST) with blood flow restriction (BFR) in which low load is used (20-50% of 1 maximum voluntary contraction - MVC) can produce positive adaptations similar to ST with loads equal to or greater than 70% 1 MVC. Furthermore, recent studies have investigated the effects of STBFR on muscle adaptations, but few studies investigated the effects of STBFR on vascular function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the STBFR program on the vascular reactivity of the abdominal aorta of Wistar rats with femoral arteriovenous blood flow restriction. Male rats were divided into four groups: sedentary sham (S/S), sedentary with blood flow restriction (S/BFR), trained sham (T/S), and trained with blood flow restriction (T/BFR). The animals in the S/BFR and T/BFR groups underwent surgery to BFR in the femoral artery and vein. After one week, the trained groups started the ST which consisted of climbing ladder, six sets of 10 repetitions with 50% of 1 MVC assessed by maximum loaded weight (MLW) carried out for four weeks. Concentration-response curves to Acetylcholine (ACh: 10 nM - 100 µM) and Phenylephrine (PHE: 1 nM - 30 µM) were performed in aortic rings with intact endothelium. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ and the vascular remodeling marker (MMP-2) were also measured. The ST increased the strength of the T/S and T/BFR groups in MLW tests. The S/BFR group showed a 22% reduction in relaxation to acetylcholine, but exercise prevented this reduction in the T/BFR group. In animals without BFR, ST did not alter the response to acetylcholine. An increase in NO production was seen in T/S and T/BFR showed a reduction in ROS production (62% and 40%, respectively). In conclusion low load ST with BFR promotes similar vascular function responses to ST without BFR. Low load ST with and without BFR is interventions that can improve performance with similar magnitudes. Both training methods could have some benefits for vascular health due to NO production in the aorta increased in the T/S group and decreased production of reactive oxygen species in the T/BFR group.

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Resumo Meli Neto, B., Fuini Puggina, E., Pombo Menezes, R., Cláudio Machado, J., Vanella, R. e Aquino, R. (2021). Análise de redes sociais no esporte pela ótica da abordagem ecológica: um ensaio teórico. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-19. A análise de desempenho é uma disciplina intimamente relacionada à pedagogia do esporte. As bases teóricas que sustentam as escolhas metodológicas devem ser bem estabelecidas para existir uma convergência entre os instrumentos de avaliação e o processo de ensino e treinamento. Este ensaio teórico teve por objetivo apresentar e discutir a importância e representatividade da análise de redes sociais para avaliar o desempenho em esportes coletivos. O principal objetivo da análise de redes sociais é estudar a relação entre os jogadores para identificar possíveis causas e consequências dos eventos ocorridos durante a partida. Sendo assim, a análise de redes sociais trabalha de forma diferente das análises tradicionais, nas quais o principal foco está no sujeito, ou em análises notacionais que são as mais comumente utilizadas e que buscam a acumulação da frequência dos eventos ocorridos (e.g. gols marcados, posse de bola, áreas de finalização das jogadas). Tal instrumento de avaliação, teoricamente posicionado numa abordagem ecológica, mostra-se eficaz para a identificação de padrões de interação num grupo e o entendimento dos artifícios sociais que ajudam a compreender o desempenho em uma equipe. Assim, as equipes passam a ser analisadas como grupos sociais e não como sujeitos isolados. Neste ensaio, também se apresentam as principais aplicações práticas desse instrumento de avaliação em diferentes esportes coletivos, tais como o futebol, o futsal, o handebol, o basquetebol e o voleibol.

Abstract Meli Neto, B., Fuini Puggina, E., Pombo Menezes, R., Cláudio Machado, J., Vanella, R. & Aquino, R. (2021). Social networks analysis in sports through an ecological approach—a theoretical framework. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-19. Performance analysis is a discipline that is closely related to the pedagogy of sports. The theoretical foundations that undergird methodological choices must be well established in order for a convergence to exist between evaluation instruments and the process of teaching and training. The objective of the present theoretical study was to present and discuss the importance and representativeness of social networks analysis in order to evaluate the performance in group sports. The main purpose of social networks analysis is to study the relationships among players, in order to identify possible causes and consequences of the events that took place during a match. Thus, the analysis of social networks works differently from traditional analyses, whose major focus is on the subject, or in notational analyses that are most commonly used and that look for the accumulation of frequency of the events that have occurred (e.g., goals scored, ball possession, finishing zones). Such an instrument of evaluation, theoretically positioned on an ecological approach, proves effective for the identification of interaction patterns in a group and for understanding the social artifices that help to understand performance in a team. Thus, teams come to be analyzed as social groups instead of isolated individuals. This study also presents the main practical applications of this evaluation instrument in different group sports such as soccer football, indoor soccer, handball, basketball and volleyball.

Resumen Meli Neto, B., Fuini Puggina, E., Pombo Menezes, R., Cláudio Machado, J., Vanella, R. y Aquino, R. (2021). Análisis de redes sociales en el deporte desde el punto de vista del enfoque ecológico. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-19. El análisis del rendimiento está relacionado con la pedagogía del deporte. Las bases teóricas que sustentan las selecciones metodológicas deben estar bien establecidas para que haya una convergencia entre los instrumentos de evaluación y el proceso de enseñanza y entrenamiento. Este ensayo pretende presentar y discutir la importancia y representatividad del análisis de redes sociales para evaluar el rendimiento en los deportes de equipo. El objetivo principal del análisis de redes sociales es estudiar la relación entre los jugadores para identificar las posibles causas y consecuencias de los eventos durante el partido. Así, el análisis de redes sociales es diferente de los análisis tradicionales, en los que el foco principal está en el sujeto, o de los análisis notacionales, que son más utilizados y acumulan la frecuencia de los eventos ocurridos (por ejemplo, los goles marcados, la posesión del balón, las zonas de remate). Esta herramienta de evaluación, posicionada teóricamente en un enfoque ecológico, se muestra eficaz para la identificación de los patrones de interacción en un grupo y la comprensión de los artificios sociales que ayudan a entender el rendimiento de un equipo. Así, los equipos pasan a ser analizados como grupos sociales y no como sujetos aislados. En este ensayo, también se exponen las principales aplicaciones prácticas de esta herramienta de evaluación en diferentes deportes de equipo, como el fútbol, el fútbol sala, el balonmano, el baloncesto y el voleibol.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to verify blood markers during a 12-week training protocol and after Sao Paulo Marathon. Methods: Blood samples of 9 male marathoners were collected before (C1) and after (C2) 12-week training protocol, before (C3) and after (C4) marathon. Muscle and liver damage markers (creatine kinase [CK-MM], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), oxidative stress levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and serum iron concentration were measured. Results: changes were identified comparing moment C4 to other moments for CK-MM and iron. For AST, ALT, and TBARS no differences were identified. Conclusion: strenuous exercises might elicit changes on blood markers, needing follow up strategies to avoid impairments to athletes' performance and health.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar marcadores sanguíneos durante 12 semanas de treinamento e após a Maratona de São Paulo. Metodologia: amostras de sangue de 9 maratonistas foram coletadas antes (C1) e após (C2) o treinamento de 12 semanas, antes (C3) e após (C4) a maratona. Marcadores sanguíneos e hepáticos (creatina quinase [CK-MM], aspartato aminotransf. [AST], alanina aminotransf. [ALT]), níveis de estresse oxidativo (subst. reativas ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]) e ferro sérico foram analisados. Resultados: Verificaram-se alterações de CK-MM e ferro entre C4 e os outros momentos. Para AST, ALT e TBARS não se encontrou diferenças. Conclusão: exercícios exaustivos podem causar alterações em marcadores sanguíneos, requerendo estratégias de monitoramento para evitar danos ao desempenho e saúde do atleta.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar marcadores sanguíneos durante 12 semanas de entrenamiento y después del Maratón de São Paulo. Metodología: muestras de sangre de 9 maratonistas fueron recogidas antes (C1) y después (C2) el entrenamiento, y antes (C3) y después (C4) a maratón. Se analizaron marcadores sanguíneos y hepáticos (creatina quinasa [CK-MM], aspartato aminotransf. [AST], alanina aminotransf. [ALT]), estrés oxidativo (sustancias reactivas del ácido tiobarbitúrico [TBARS]) y de hierro. Resultados: Se encontraron cambios comparando C4 y otros momentos para CK-MM y hierro. Para AST, ALT y TBARS no se encontraron diferencias. Conclusión: ejercicios extenuantes pueden causar cambios en marcadores sanguíneos, requiriendo estrategias de monitoreo para evitar daños al desempeño y salud del atleta.

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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi analisar as possíveis relações entre a flexibilidade de membros inferiores com histórico de lesões em modalidades de resistência: ciclismo, corrida, natação e triathlon. Vinte atletas de cada modalidade foram submetidos a um questionário e posteriormente a uma avaliação da flexibilidade por meio da goniometria que investigaram articulações que compreendem movimentação de quadril, joelho e tornozelo. Foram encontradas relações significantes entre a flexibilidade e o histórico de lesões. Essas relações foram positivas para corrida e triathlon e negativa para corrida. Também foi evidenciado que a flexibilidade específica de algumas porções referente a membros inferiores tem relações positivas e negativas com o histórico de lesão em regiões específicas do corpo. Conclui-se que a flexibilidade pode ter tido influência no histórico lesivo do praticante e essa relação é diferente entre modalidades de resistência.

Abstract The aim of this cross-section study was to analyze the possible relationships between lower limb flexibility and injury history in resistance modalities: cycling, running, swimming and triathlon. Twenty athletes of each modality were submitted to a questionnaire and later to an evaluation of flexibility through goniometry, investigating joints that comprise movement of: hip, knee and ankle. Significant relationships between flexibility and the history of injuries were found. Being the positive relations for running and triathlon and negative for running. It has also been shown that the specific flexibility of some portions regarding lower limbs has positive and negative relationships with the injury history in specific regions of the body. It is concluded that flexibility may have had an influence on the practitioner's harmful history and this relationship is different between modalities of resistance.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio transversal fue analizar las posibles relaciones entre la flexibilidad de los miembros inferiores y un historial de lesiones en modalidades de resistencia: ciclismo, atletismo, natación y triatlón. Veinte atletas de cada modalidad respondieron a un cuestionario y, posteriormente, se valoró su flexibilidad por medio de goniometría, para analizar las articulaciones que implican un movimiento de cadera, rodilla y tobillo. Se encontraron relaciones importantes entre la flexibilidad y el historial de lesiones. Estas relaciones fueron positivas en el atletismo y el triatlón, y negativas en el atletismo. También se puso de manifiesto que la flexibilidad específica de algunas partes de los miembros inferiores tiene relaciones positivas y negativas con el historial de lesión en regiones específicas del miembro inferior. Se concluye que la flexibilidad puede haber influido en el historial lesivo del deportista y esta relación es diferente en función de la modalidad de resistencia.

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The aim of this study was to verify the effects of 22 weeks of training on functional markers and match performance through the use of earned points in competition. Twenty male soccer players were submitted to the same group of tests in four moments of the periodization: before the preparatory stage (T0); after the preparatory stage (T1); after the competitive stage I (T2); after the competitive stage II (T3). The functional markers were measured using the vertical and horizontal jump, T-40; Shuttle Run Test and RAST. The match performance was obtained by earned points in competition. An increase were found for all the variables analyzed for functional markers when T0 was compared with T3. In relation to the match performance, the team obtained 83.33% success in competitive stages. It is possible to conclude that training plan was efficient to improve technical-tactical skills and physical fitness of the studied athletes

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Resumo Com o objetivo de verificar a dinâmica de marcadores de lesões musculares e da resposta inflamatória aguda produzidas pelo treinamento e por uma prova de meio ironman em atletas de triathlon durante 12 semanas de treinamento, no presente estudo foram avaliadas as alterações musculares e inflamatórias produzidas pelo treinamento e por um meio-ironman em 12 atletas. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início do programa de treinamento (M-1), após 10 semanas de preparação (M-2) e após a competição (M-3). Foram avaliadas as atividades da creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), concentração de IL-6, IL-10, proteína C reativa (PCR) e cortisol (C). Foram detectados aumentos em M-3 para a CK (M-1 = 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/L, M-2 = 20,80 ± 42,82 e M-3 = 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/L), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/L, 19,87 ± 16,17 e 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/L, 5,77 ± 3,54 e 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/mL, 93,39 ± 65,2 e 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/mL, 89,56 ± 37,99 e 193,31 ± 92,77) e C (14,6 ± 5,92 µg/mL, 23,96 ± 6,44 e 37,47 ± 3,58). A partir desses resultados, conclui-se que os atletas apresentaram aumento dos indicadores de lesões musculares e inflamação apenas após a competição, o que ilustra o efeito agudo dessa prova sobre o organismo desses atletas.

Abstract Aiming to verify the muscle damage and acute inflammatory indicators produced by training and a half-ironman competition in triahlon athletes during twelve weeks of training, we investigated possible muscle changes and inflammatory responses due to the triathlon training and competition in 12 athletes. Blood samples were collected in the beginning of the training (M-1), after 10 weeks of training (M-2) and after the competition (M-3). The activity of CK, LDH, concentration of IL-6, IL-10, C Reactive Protein (PCR) and Cortisol (C) were studied. Changes in CK (M-1= 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/L, M-2= 20,80 ± 42,82 and M-3= 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/L), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/L, 19,87 ± 16,17 and 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/L, 5,77 ± 3,54 and 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/mL, 93,39 ± 65,2 and 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/mL, 89,56 ± 37,99 and 193,31 ± 92,77) and C (14,6 ± 5,92 µg/mL, 23,96 ± 6,44 e 37,47 ± 3,58) were found in M-3. From these results, it is possible to conclude that the athletes showed a significant increase of muscle damage and inflammation indicators just after the competition, ilustrating the acute effects of the half-ironman on the organism of these athletes.

Resumen Con el fin de verificar los marcadores dinámicos de lesión muscular y la respuesta inflamatoria aguda producida por el entrenamiento y una prueba de medio ironman en atletas de triatlón durante 12 semanas de formación, hubo cambios inflamatorios y musculares producidos por el entrenamiento y medio ironman en 12 atletas. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron al comienzo de la sesión de entrenamiento (M-1), después de 10 semanas de preparación (M-2) y después de la competición (M-3). Se estudiaron las actividades de creatina-cinas (CK), lactato-deshidrogenasa (LDH), la concentración de interleucina 6 y 10 (IL-6 e IL-10), proteína C-reactiva (PCR) y cortisol (C). Se revelaron cambios en M-3 de la CK (M-1 = 22,25 ± 36,08 UI/l, M-2 = 20,80 ± 42,82 y M-3 = 234,5 ± 135,59 UI/l), LDH (41,71 ± 18,98 U/l, y 19,87 ± 16,17 y 191 ± 102,47), PCR (8,42 ± 4,13 mg/l, 5,77 ± 3,54 y 7,62 ± 4,87), IL-6 (77,09 ± 27,86 pg/ml, 93,39 ± 65,2 y 228,48 ± 97,61), IL-10 (88,49 ± 26,36 pg/ml, 89,56 ± 37,99 y 193,31 ± 92,77) y C (14,6 ± 5,92 mg/ml, 23,96 ± 6,44 y 37,47 ± 3,58). A partir de estos resultados se concluye que los indicadores mostraron aumento de la inflamación y lesiones musculares justo después de la competición, lo que ilustra los efectos agudos de esta prueba sobre el organismo de estos atletas.

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The aim of the study was to verify the hydration status and the kidney function in marathoners during the training season and after a marathon race. Nine male runners were investigated during 12 weeks of training. Urine was collected in four moments; in the beginning (C1) and during (C2) the training program, before (C3) and after (C4) the competition. Urine pH was measured using reagent tapes, urine density with a refractometer, protein excretion by Bradford assay and erythrocytes and leucocytes by microscopy. Changes were observed when C-4 was compared to the other collection times for all variables investigated. It is possible to conclude that physical exertion induced important changes in the hydration status and glomerular membrane selectivity to macromolecules, modifying the kidney function of the marathoners in C4.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o estado de hidratação e a função renal de maratonistas durante uma temporada preparatória e após a competição. Foram estudados nove maratonistas durante 12 semanas de treinamento. A urina foi coletada em quatro momentos: antes (C1) e durante (C2) o protocolo de treinamento, antes (C3) e após (C4) a competição. Foram mensurados o pH a partir de tiras de reagentes, a densidade por meio do refratômetro, a proteinúria pelo ensaio de Bradford, concentração de eritrócitos e de leucócitos por microscopia. Alterações foram encontradas quando comparado o C-4 com as coletas anteriores para todas as variáveis estudadas. Pode-se concluir que o exercício físico induziu a modificações importantes no estado de hidratação dos corredores e na função da membrana glomerular, modificando assim, a função renal dos maratonistas no momento pós prova.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el estado de hidratación y la función renal en los corredores de maratón durante una temporada de preparación y después de la competición. Se estudiaron nueve corredores durante 12 semanas de entrenamiento. La orina se recogió en cuatro momentos: antes y durante el protocolo de entrenamiento, antes y después de la competición. PH de tiras reactivas, de densidad a través del refractómetro, proteinuria por Bradford ensayo, concentración de eritrocitos y leucocitos fueron medidos por microscopía. No se encontraron cambios al comparar el C-4 con las colecciones anteriores para todas las variables. Se puede concluir que el ejercicio induce cambios significativos en el estado de hidratación de los corredores y la función de la membrana glomerular, modificando de este modo la función renal del tiempo de maratón después de la carrera.

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