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BACKGROUND: Degenerative lumbar spine disease is the leading cause of disability and work absenteeism worldwide. Lumbar microdiscectomy became the standard treatment for herniated discs and stenotic disease. With the evolution of different techniques, endoscopic spinal surgery emerged to minimize the surgical footprint while providing at least non-inferior results. Currently, two different types of endoscopic spine procedures are dominating the surgical scenario: "Full-Endoscopic" (FE) and Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic" (UBE) Spine Surgery. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze their indications, their technical characteristicswithitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbothtechniquesandtheirfuture trends. METHODS: We performed a narrative review of the most relevant articles published up to August 2023 through a Pub Med search. The search terms " FE Spine Surgery" and " UBE Spine Surgery" were used. The articles selected, were independently reviewed by 3 authors and 55 full text articles were reviewed. RESULTS: The FE and UBE Spine Surgery techniques were described. The FE technique is performed with a monoportal access under constant saline irrigation. The FE comprises the transforaminal and the interlaminar approaches, and the indication depends from the pathology to treat, and still remains controversial. UBE can approach also the spine from a posterior, postero lateral,and para spinal route. It uses two different ports addressed to a target with continuous irrigation. The process of establishing these two portals is called triangulation. CONCLUSIONS: FE and UBE spine surgery have demonstrated outcomes comparable to open surgery, minimizing complications and surgical footprint.

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BACKGROUND: Various full-endoscopic techniques have been developed to reach the lateral recess of the lumbar spine. However, specialized surgical tools, including expensive spinal endoscopic systems, and a steeper learning curve to mastering the technique are required. METHOD: We present a novel target-addressed unilateral biportal endoscopic technique to reach directly the lumbar lateral recess, particularly useful at L4-L5 and L5-S1. The technique follows an inclined-ipsilateral trajectory to preserve the lateral extension of ligamentum flavum and the facet joint as much as possible. CONCLUSION: This technique was associated with all the advantages of minimally invasive decompressive procedures and outstanding outcomes.

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PURPOSE: To describe the surgical technique and methodology to successfully plan and execute an endoscopic foraminotomy in patients with isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis, according to each patient's unique characteristics. METHODS: Thirty patients with degenerative or isthmic spondylolisthesis (SL) with radicular symptoms were included from March 2019 to September 2022. Treating physician registered patients' baseline and imaging characteristics, as well as preoperative back pain VAS, leg pain VAS and ODI. Subsequently, authors treated the included patients with an endoscopic foraminotomy according to a "patient-specific" tailored approach. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (63.33%) had isthmic SL and 11 patients (36.67%) had degenerative SL. 75.86% of the cases had a Meyerding Grade 1 listhesis. One of the transforaminal foraminotomies with lateral recess decompression in degenerative SL had to be aborted because of intense osseous bleeding. Of the remaining 29 patients, one patient experienced recurrence of the sciatica pain that required subsequent reintervention and fusion. No other intraoperative or post-operative complications were observed. None of the patients developed post-operative dysesthesia. In 86.67% of the patients, the foraminotomy was implemented using a transforaminal approach. In the remaining 13.33% of the cases, an interlaminar contralateral approach was used. Lateral recess decompression was performed in half of the cases. Mean follow-up time was 12.69 months, reaching a maximum of 40 months in some patients. Outcome variables such as VAS for leg and back pain, as well as ODI, showed statistically significant reduction since the 3-month follow-up visit. CONCLUSION: In the presented case series, endoscopic foraminotomy achieved satisfactory outcomes without sacrificing segmental stability. The proposed patient-specific "tailored" approach allowed to successfully design and execute the surgical strategy to perform an endoscopic foraminotomy through transforaminal or interlaminar contralateral approaches.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The interest in spinal endoscopy is rising, particularly among younger spine surgeons. Formalized postgraduate training programs for endoscopic spinal surgery techniques are lacking behind. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective survey study amongst participants of the 2022 AMCICO endoscopic surgery symposium. Descriptive and correlative statistics were done on the surgeon's responses recorded in multiple-choice questions. In addition, surgeons were asked about their clinical experience and preferences with spinal endoscopy, training background, the types of lumbar endoscopic decompression they perform by approach, and future training requirements. SPSS (version 27) statistical software package was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistic measures were used to count responses and calculate the mean, range, standard deviation, and percentages. In addition, chi-square statistics were used to determine the strength of the association between factors. Results: The online survey was accessed by 321 surgeons, of which 92 completed it (53.4%). Demographic data showed the majority of responding surgeons being orthopedic surgeons (73.6%) and under the age of 50 (69.2%), with over half (51.1%) having less than three months of formalized training in endoscopic spinal surgery techniques. Most surgeons practiced uni-portal (58.9%) versus bi-portal (3.4%) spinal endoscopy. The transforaminal approach (65.5%) was preferred over the interlaminar method (34.4%). The bi-portal technique was indicated almost exclusively for the lumbar spine (94.8%). For endoscopically assisted spinal fusions, a uni-portal approach was preferred by 72% of surgeons over a bi-portal procedure (24.5%). 84.1% of respondents were interested in navigation, of which 30.7% preferred optical over electromagnetic technology (18.2%). Robotics was of interest to 51.1% of survey participants. Respondents' bias was estimated with course attendance assessments, with 37% of surgeons having attended all three days, 27.2% two days, and 16.3% one day. One-fifth of responding spine surgeons did not participate in any curriculum activities but completed the survey. The academic impact of the AMCICO endoscopy symposium was high, with 68.1% of respondents indicating interest in continued training and 61.1% of trainees ready to apply their newly acquired knowledge base to clinical practice. Conclusion: The interest in spinal endoscopy surgery techniques and protocols is high among AMCICO members. Many surgeons are interested in learning advanced endoscopic surgical techniques to integrate the technology into their surgical procedure portfolio to address common painful conditions of the degenerative spine beyond herniated discs and foraminal stenosis. The authors concluded that its academic impact was high based on the responses given by the participating surgeons. Level of evidence III; Retrospective study.

Resumo: Introdução: O interesse em cirurgia endoscópica da coluna tem aumentado especialmente entre os jovens cirurgiões, contudo, são poucos os centros que atualmente oferecem programas de treinamento nesta disciplina. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa retrospectiva entre os participantes do simpósio de "Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral" realizado durante o Congresso AMCICO 2022. Estatísticas descritivas e testes de correlação foram aplicados às respostas das perguntas de múltipla escolha. Os cirurgiões foram questionados sobre experiência clínica e preferências pela endoscopia espinhal, histórico de treinamento, tipos de descompressão lombar endoscópica que realizaram e requisitos futuros para um treinamento adicional. O software estatístico SPSS (versão 27) foi utilizado para a análise de dados. As medidas estatísticas descritivas foram utilizadas para quantificar as respostas e calcular a mediana, a média, o desvio padrão e as porcentagens. O qui-quadrado foi empregado para determinar a associação entre os fatores estudados. Resultados: A pesquisa on-line foi visualizada por 321 cirurgiões, dos quais 92 a completaram (53,4%). As informações demográficas mostraram que a maioria dos participantes são cirurgiões ortopédicos (73,6%) e menores de 50 anos (69,2%), com mais da metade deles (51,1%) possuindo menos de 3 meses de treinamento formal em técnicas endoscópicas. A maioria dos cirurgiões pratica abordagens uniportais (58,9%, contra 3,4% bi-portais). A abordagem transforaminal (65,5%) foi preferida em relação à abordagem interlaminar (34,4%). A abordagem biportal foi selecionada como a abordagem indicada para a região lombar (94,8%). Para a fusão endoscopia-assistida, a abordagem unilateral foi preferida por 72% dos participantes contra a abordagem biportal (24,5%). Os sistemas de navegação foram de interesse para 84,1% dos participantes, dos quais 30,7% responderam que preferiam a óptica em vez da eletromagnética (18,2%). O uso da robótica foi de interesse para 51,1% dos participantes. O viés dos participantes foi calculado com base no percentual de participação, onde 37% participaram de todos os 3 dias de conferências, 27,2% participaram de 2 dias e 16,3% participaram de apenas um dia. Um quinto dos cirurgiões não participaram das atividades do simpósio e ainda assim responderam à pesquisa. O impacto acadêmico do simpósio de "Cirurgia Minimamente Invasiva e Endoscópica da Coluna Vertebral" foi alto, com 68,1% dos participantes respondendo que têm interesse em treinamento adicional nestas técnicas e 61,1% respondendo que estão prontos para aplicar novos conhecimentos em sua prática médica. Conclusão: O interesse em técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas da coluna vertebral é alto entre os membros da AMCICO. Um grande número de cirurgiões está interessado em aprender técnicas cirúrgicas endoscópicas avançadas da coluna vertebral e integrar esta tecnologia como parte de suas ferramentas cirúrgicas para resolver problemas comuns que afetam a coluna com doença degenerativa, além de hérnias de disco e estenoses foraminais. Baseados nas respostas fornecidas pelos cirurgiões participantes, os autores concluem que o impacto acadêmico foi elevado. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo.

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Anterior cage migration is the most infrequent and dangerous complication seen in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) procedures. We report the case of a 74-year-old woman who underwent PLIF at the L5-S1 level. During the surgery, one of the PLIF-cages dislodged anteriorly into the abdominal cavity without vascular injury. An anterior retroperitoneal approach to remove the cage and complete the fusion was made. The patient was discharged 2 weeks later with encouraging clinical results. In a patient hemodynamically stable, removing the cage by a vascular surgeon, and complete the Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion could be a feasible option at L5-S1.

La migración anterior del implante para fusión lumbar es la complicación más infrecuente y peligrosa asociada a la fusión intersomática posterior (PLIF). Reportamos el caso de un paciente femenino de 74 años, operada de PLIF en L5-S1. Durante la cirugía, una de las cajas usadas migró a la cavidad abdominal, sin ocasionar lesión vascular. Para remover el implante y completar la fusión lumbar un abordaje retroperitoneal anterior fue realizado. La paciente fue egresada 2 semanas después con éxito. En un paciente hemodinamicamente estable, este abordaje puede ser una opción para revertir la complicación y completar la fusión lumbar vía anterior.

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BACKGROUND: The principal advantage of intraoperative spinal navigation is the ease of screw placement. However, visualization and the integration of navigation can be explored with the use of navigation-guided full-endoscopic techniques. OBJECTIVE: To describe the stepwise intraoperative navigation-assisted unilateral biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (UBE-TLIF) technique and to present our preliminary results in a Mexican population. METHODS: A 10-step summary of the UBE-TLIF operative technique was described, and the clinical and radiological results are presented and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 7 patients were treated. We observed the value of integrating navigation and endoscopic visualization when decompression had to be performed. CONCLUSION: Together, intraoperative navigation and direct visualization through the endoscope may be a useful surgical tool for surgeons with experience in endoscopic spinal surgery.

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BACKGROUND: Multiple options exist for thoracic disc herniation (TDH). However, when a specific technique is chosen, the goal is to avoid the manipulation of the spinal cord, which is already compressed. OBJECTIVE: To describe a hybrid endoscopic technique for intracanal TDH by combining an oblique paraspinal approach (OPA) and transforaminal full-endoscopic discectomy. METHODS: We describe the step-by-step operative technique and present the clinical and radiological outcomes of a case series of hybrid endoscopic thoracic discectomy. RESULTS: A total of 3 patients were treated. We observed the usefulness of an OPA to enlarge the intervertebral foramen through the rigid tubular retractor and the feasibility of a full-endoscopic transforaminal approach to reach intracanal TDHs. CONCLUSION: Early experience with the hybrid endoscopic technique for TDHs demonstrated acceptable clinical and radiological outcomes in the 3 patients treated; however, a larger sample size and a methodologically advantageous study to compare this procedure with conventional options are necessary to probe the full benefits of the hybrid technique.

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Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) is an ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum that causes severe disability due to its neurologic symptoms. The treatment of choice for CM-1 is decompression of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). In some patients only an extradural decompression by removing the atlanto-occipital ligament may be sufficient. In other patients, duraplasty is necessary. In this case, we report the operative technique used to treat a CM-1 in a 16-year-old male patient who presented with severe headache and gait instability. A micro-decompression of the suboccipital bone and posterior arch osteotomy of C1 through a 2-cm midline incision was performed under surgical microscope magnification. A duraplasty was performed through the same approach. The patient was discharged home after 2 days in the hospital and returned to regular activities at school 3 weeks after surgery. The minimally invasive technique presented here is a viable option for the posterior decompression of the CVJ in patients with CM-1 using a low-cost self-retaining retractor.

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BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy (PELD) has evolved over the last decades and has become an effective treatment for soft disk herniations. However, while its use increases, newer complications have been discovered. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the unique case of a woman who underwent PELD/foraminotomy to treat right-side foraminal disk herniations on L4-5 and L5-S1 in the same procedure. Ten days after surgery, the patient developed fever and severe low back pain radiated down her right leg. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a right pseudomeningocele arising from L4-5 and a nerve root herniated through the dural sac at the same lumbar segment. Blood cultures and fluid culture obtained from pseudomeningocele drainage depicted infection. Specific antibiotics were administrated, direct dura repair under the microscope was performed, and the patient improved symptomatically. CONCLUSIONS: PELD combined with foraminotomy is a relatively new and skill-demanding surgery which is indicated only in cases where foraminal disk herniation is combined with foraminal stenosis. This surgical strategy requires experience by the endoscopic surgeon to prevent procedure-related complications. Although rare, these complications can lead to increased morbidity.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To report two cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with monosegmental instability, in which we performed a minimally invasive microsurgical transmuscular approach with tubular retractors to create a single-door plate laminoplasty combined with fixation of the unstable segment with lateral mass screws. Methods: The surgical procedures were performed by the senior author. In both patients, the follow-up was performed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the Visual Analogue Scale for neck and radicular pain (radVAS, neckVAS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36), in the preoperative (preop) and postoperative (postop) periods, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. A radiological evaluation also was performed, which included AP, lateral and flexion-extension films at 6, 12 and 24 months and CT-scan at 12 months. Results: Case 1 - preop ODI: 40%, 24 months postop ODI: 4%; preop radVAS: 7, 24 months radVAS: 0; preop neckVAS: 8, postop 24 months neckVAS: 0; preopNDI: 43%, 24 months PostopNDI: 8%; SF-36 - preop Physical Functioning (PF): 40, preop Vitality (VT): 40, preop Emotional role functioning (RE): 33.3, Bodily pain (BP): 51, General Health (GH): 57, Social Functioning (SF): 75; postop PF: 95, VT: 95, RE: 100, BP: 74, GH: 87, SF: 100. Case 2 - preopODI: 46%, 24 months postopODI: 10%; preop radVAS: 7, 24m radVAS: 0; preop neckVAS: 9, postop 24 months neckVAS: 0; preopNDI: 56%, 24 months PostopNDI: 15%; SF-36 - preop PF: 39, VT: 45, RE: 33.3, BP: 50, GH: 49, SF: 70; postop PF: 90, VT: 100, RE: 100, BP: 82, GH: 87, SF: 100. No complications, cervical instability or signs of failed surgery were found trough and at final follow-up at 24 months. We found significant clinical improvement in both patients. Conclusions: Minimally invasive cervical laminoplasty combined with lateral mass screw fixation for the unstable segment is a useful technique in cases with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy associated with monosegmental instability. Additional comparative studies are needed to establish its efficacy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar dois casos de mielopatia espondilótica cervical em múltiplos níveis com instabilidade de um só segmento, nos quais realizamos uma microcirurgia minimamente invasiva por via transmuscular com retratores tubulares para criar uma laminoplastia em porta aberta com fixação do segmento instável com parafusos de massa lateral. Métodos: Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados pelo autor principal. Em ambos os pacientes, o acompanhamento foi realizado usando Índice de Incapacidade de Oswestry (ODI), Escala Visual Analógica para dor cervical e radicular (EVAc e EVArad), Índice de Incapacidade Relacionada ao Pescoço (NDI) e o Short Form 36 (SF-36) nos períodos pré-operatório (pré-op) e pós-operatório (pós-op) e em 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 e 24 meses. Realizou-se também a avaliação radiológica, que incluiu vistas AP, laterais e de flexão-extensão aos 6, 12 e 24 meses e TC aos 12 meses. Resultados: Caso 1 - ODI pré-op: 40%, ODI 24 meses pós-op: 4%; pré-op EVArad: 7, EVArad 4 meses: 0; EVAc pré-op: 8, EVAc pós-op 24 meses: 0; NDI pré-op: 43%, NDI pós-op 24 meses: 8%; SF-36 - capacidade funcional (CF) pré-op: 40, vitalidade (VT) pré-op: 40, aspectos emocionais (AE) pré-op: 33,3, dor (D): 51, estado geral da saúde (ES): 57, aspectos sociais (AS): 75; CF : 95, VT: 95, AE: 100, D: 74, ES: 87, AS: 100 pós-op. Caso 2 - ODI pré-op: 46%, ODI 24 meses pós-op: 10%; EVArad pré-op : 7, EVArad 24 meses: 0; EVAc pré-op: 9, EVAc 24 meses pós-op: 0; NDI pré-op: 56%, NDI 24 meses pós-op: 15%; SF-36 pré-op: CF: 39, VT: 45, AE: 33,3, D: 50, ES: 49, AS: 70; CF: 90, VT: 100, AE: 100, D: 82, ES: 87, AS: 100 pós-op. Não houve complicações, instabilidade cervical ou sinais de falha da cirurgia durante o acompanhamento de 24 meses. Ambos os pacientes apresentaram melhoras significativas. Conclusões: A laminoplastia cervical minimamente invasiva combinada com fixação de parafuso de massa lateral do segmento instável é uma técnica útil nos casos com mielopatia espondilótica cervical em vários níveis associada à instabilidade de um só segmento. É necessário realizar estudos comparativos adicionais para estabelecer a eficácia do procedimento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar dos casos de mielopatía espondilótica cervical en múltiples niveles con inestabilidad de un solo segmento, en los que realizamos una microcirugía mínimamente invasiva por vía transmuscular con retractores tubulares para crear una laminoplastia en puerta abierta con fijación del segmento inestable con tornillos de masa lateral. Métodos: Los procedimientos quirúrgicos fueron realizados por el autor principal. En ambos pacientes, el seguimiento fue realizado usando Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI), Escala Visual Analógica para dolor en el cuello y radicular (EVAc y EVArad), Índice de Discapacidad Cervical (NDI) y el Short Form 36 (SF-36) en los períodos preoperatorio (preop) y postoperatorio (posop) y en 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 y 24 meses. Se realizó también la evaluación radiológica, que incluyó proyecciones AP, laterales y de flexión-extensión a los 6, 12 y 24 meses y TC a los 12 meses. Resultados: Caso 1 - ODI preop: 40%, ODI 24 meses posop: 4%; EVArad preop: 7, EVArad 4 meses: 0; EVAc preop: 8, EVAc posop 24 meses: 0; NDI preop: 43%, NDI posop 24 meses: 8%; SF-36 - función física (FF) preop: 40, vitalidad (VT) preop: 40, rol emocional (RE) preop: 33,3, dolor corporal (DC): 51, salud general (SG): 57, función social (FS): 75; FF: 95, VT: 95, RE: 100, DC: 74, SG: 87, FS: 100 posop. Caso 2 - ODI preop: 46%, ODI 24 meses posop: 10%; EVArad preop: 7, EVArad 24 meses: 0; EVAc preop: 9, EVAc 24 meses posop: 0; NDI preop: 56%, NDI 24 meses posop: 15%; SF-36 preop: FF: 39, VT: 45, RE: 33,3, D: 50, SG: 49, FS: 70 preop; FF: 90, VT 100, RE 100, DC 82, SG: 87, FS: 100 posop. No hubo complicaciones, inestabilidad cervical o signos de falla de la cirugía durante el seguimiento de 24 meses. Ambos pacientes presentaron mejoras significativas. Conclusiones: La laminoplastia cervical mínimamente invasiva combinada con fijación de tornillo de masa lateral del segmento inestable es una técnica útil en los casos con mielopatía espondilótica cervical en múltiples niveles asociada a la inestabilidad de un solo segmento. Es necesario realizar estudios comparativos adicionales para establecer la eficacia del procedimiento.

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