RESUMO
Plants are the source of our understanding of several fundamental biological principles. It is well known that Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of Genetics in peas and that maize was used for the discovery of transposons by Barbara McClintock. Plant models are still useful for the understanding of general key biological concepts. In this article, we will focus on discussing the recent plant studies that have shed new light on the mysterious mechanisms of meiotic crossover (CO) interference, heterochiasmy, obligatory CO, and CO homeostasis. Obligatory CO is necessary for the equilibrated segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The tight control of the different male and female CO rates (heterochiasmy) enables both the maximization and minimization of genome shuffling. An integrative model can now predict these observed aspects of CO patterning in plants. The mechanism proposed considers the Synaptonemal Complex as a canalizing structure that allows the diffusion of a class I CO limiting factor linearly on synapsed bivalents. The coarsening of this limiting factor along the SC explains the interfering spacing between COs. The model explains the observed coordinated processes between synapsis, CO interference, CO insurance, and CO homeostasis. It also easily explains heterochiasmy just considering the different male and female SC lengths. This mechanism is expected to be conserved in other species.
RESUMO
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be found in different shapes and sizes, which determine their chemical and physical characteristics. Physical and chemical properties of metallic NPs can be tuned by changing their shape, size, and surface chemistry; therefore, this has led to their use in a wide variety of applications in many industrial and academic sectors. One of the features of metallic NPs is their ability to act as optothermal energy converters, where they absorb light at a specific wavelength and heat up their local nanosurfaces. This feature has been used in many applications where metallic NPs get coupled with thermally responsive systems to trigger an optical response. In this study, we synthesized AuNPs that are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 20.07 nm. This work assessed simultaneously theoretical and experimental techniques to evaluate the different factors that affect heat generation at the surface of AuNPs when exposed to a specific light wavelength. The results indicated that laser power, concentration of AuNPs, time × laser power interaction, and time illumination, were the most important factors that contributed to the temperature change exhibited in the AuNPs solution. We report a regression model that allows predicting heat generation and temperature changes with residual standard errors of less than 4%. These results are highly relevant in the future design and development of applications where metallic NPs are incorporated into systems to induce a temperature change triggered by light exposure.
RESUMO
The use of fossil fuels has been strongly related to critical problems currently affecting society, such as: global warming, global greenhouse effects and pollution. These problems have affected the homeostasis of living organisms worldwide at an alarming rate. Due to this, it is imperative to look for alternatives to the use of fossil fuels and one of the relevant substitutes are biofuels. There are different types of biofuels (categories and generations) that have been previously explored, but recently, the use of microalgae has been strongly considered for the production of biofuels since they present a series of advantages over other biofuel production sources: (a) they don't need arable land to grow and therefore do not compete with food crops (like biofuels produced from corn, sugar cane and other plants) and; (b) they exhibit rapid biomass production containing high oil contents, at least 15 to 20 times higher than land based oleaginous crops. Hence, these unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms have received great attention from researches to use them in the large-scale production of biofuels. However, one disadvantage of using microalgae is the high economic cost due to the low-yields of lipid content in the microalgae biomass. Thus, development of different methods to enhance microalgae biomass, as well as lipid content in the microalgae cells, would lead to the development of a sustainable low-cost process to produce biofuels. Within the last 10 years, many studies have reported different methods and strategies to induce lipid production to obtain higher lipid accumulation in the biomass of microalgae cells; however, there is not a comprehensive review in the literature that highlights, compares and discusses these strategies. Here, we review these strategies which include modulating light intensity in cultures, controlling and varying CO2 levels and temperature, inducing nutrient starvation in the culture, the implementation of stress by incorporating heavy metal or inducing a high salinity condition, and the use of metabolic and genetic engineering techniques coupled with nanotechnology.