RESUMO
Justificación y objetivo: Streptococcus pneumoniae es globalmente la primera causa de muertes inmunoprevenibles en niños menores de 5 años. Métodos: entre 2007 y 2009 se realizó una vigilancia prospectiva con base poblacional en niños de 28 días a 36 meses en San José, Costa Rica. Se determinaron la incidencia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora y de neumonía confirmada clínicamente y por radiografía, la distribución de serotipos y la sensibilidad a los antibióticos. Resultados: participaron 8801 sujetos (mediana de edad: 13,0 meses). En 25 niños se detectó enfermedad neumocócica invasora mediante aislamiento en cultivos (22) o mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena y un cuadro clínico compatible con enfermedad neumocócica invasora. En los casos diagnosticados únicamente por cultivo, la tasa de incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasora en niños de 28 días a 36 meses de edad fue de 33,7/100000 por año para los años 1 y 2 combinados. Al considerar los casos adicionales diagnosticados por reacción de polimerasa en cadena, la incidencia aumnetó a 46,/100 000. El serotipo más frecuente fue el 14 (28,6 por ciento), seguido por los serotipos 3, 4, 6A, 19A, 22F. 42,9 por ciento de los aislamientos eran insensibles a la penicilina y al cotrimoxazol. La incidencia de neumonía confirmada clínicamente y de neumonía confirmada por radiografía fue de 1968/100 000 y 551/100 000, respectivamente. Conclusión: la incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasora y neumonía en niños de San José es considerable. Estos datos epidemiológicos sirven como línea de base para evaluar la efectividad de nuevas vacunas antineumocócicas conjugadas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Costa Rica , Infecções Pneumocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Pneumocócicas/etiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Infecções Pneumocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções PneumocócicasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in children <5 years of age, globally. This surveillance determined incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), clinical and chest radiograph-confirmed pneumonia (CXR+Pn); and SP serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in children in San José, Costa Rica. METHODS: This was a 2-year prospective, population-based surveillance conducted in 2007-2009 in children aged 28 days to 36 months presenting to participating healthcare centers. Eligibility criteria for study inclusion were as follows: temperature ≥ 39.0°C within 24h and/or clinical suspicion of IPD or pneumonia. RESULTS: 8801 subjects were enrolled. Median age: 14.5 months. A total of 25 children had invasive pneumococcal disease with S. pneumoniae isolated from nonduplicative cultures (22) or detected solely by PCR and a clinical picture consistent with IPD (3). Sources of positive cultures (some children had >1 positive culture) were: blood (20), pleural fluid (4), and cerebrospinal fluid (3). Of the 3 cases detected solely by PCR, 2 were from cerebrospinal fluid and 1 from pleural fluid. The overall IPD incidence rates for culture-positive only cases for children aged 28 days to <3 years was 33.7/100,000 per year for years 1 and 2 combined. Age stratification of culture-positive only subjects showed a peak during year 1 (106.8/100,000) in children 28 days to <6 months of age group, and in year 2 (45.5/100,000) in children 12 months to <24 months of age group. Most common serotypes were 14 (28.6%), followed by 3, 4, 6A, 19A, and 22F (9.5% each). Of 22 nonduplicative IPD isolates, 42.9% were penicillin- and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole nonsusceptible isolates. Consideration of PCR-positive cases increases the incidence of IPD for children aged 28 days to <3 years to 46.0/100,000. Overall incidence of clinical pneumonia and CXR+Pn was 1968/100,000 and 551/100,000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a considerable burden of IPD and pneumonia in children in San José. These epidemiologic data serve as a baseline to evaluate the effectiveness of the incorporation of new conjugate pneumococcal vaccines into the National Immunization Program in Costa Rican children.