RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The application of automated analyses in neuroscience has become a practical approach. With automation, the algorithms and tools employed perform fast and accurate data analysis. It minimizes the inherent errors of manual analysis performed by a human experimenter. It also reduces the time required to analyze a large amount of data and the need for human and financial resources. METHODS: In this work, we describe a protocol for the automated analysis of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and the Open Field (OF) test using the OpenCV library in Python. This simple protocol tracks mice navigation with high accuracy. RESULTS: In the MWM, both automated and manual analysis revealed similar results regarding the time the mice stayed in the target quadrant (p = 0.109). In the OF test, both automated and manual analysis revealed similar results regarding the time the mice stayed in the center (p = 0.520) and in the border (p = 0.503) of the field. CONCLUSIONS: The automated analysis protocol has several advantages over manual analysis. It saves time, reduces human errors, can be customized, and provides more consistent information about animal behavior during tests. We conclude that the automated protocol described here is reliable and provides consistent behavioral analysis in mice. This automated protocol could lead to deeper insight into behavioral neuroscience.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Software , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Comportamento AnimalRESUMO
The antiviral activity of alcoholic extracts of several species belonging to the Asteraceae, Labiatae, Plantaginaceae, Schizaceae, Umbelliferae, Usneaceae and Verbenaceae families has been studied. The tests were carried out in Vero celís-pseudorabies virus strain RC/79 (herpes suis virus) system. Eight plant extracts (Achyrocline satureioides, Ambrossia tenuifolia, Baccharis articulata, Eupatorium buniifolium, Mynthostachys verticillata, Plantago brasiliensis, Plantago mayor L and Verbascum thapsus) were able to inhibit at least 2 log, the viral infectivity.
Assuntos
Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas Medicinais/química , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Argentina , Chlorocebus aethiops , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/fisiologia , Células Vero , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The RC/79 strain of the Aujeszky's disease virus was able to induce reproductive failure of pregnant gilts intranasally inoculated at different gestation periods. Four gilts 40-46 days pregnant (group A) and 6 gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group B) were instilled with 0.2 ml x 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50/0.2 ml) of the RC/79 strain into each nostril. Two gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group C) were used as non exposed controls. The three groups were kept in separated boxes and they were observed for clinical signs of infections and samples were collected for determination of viral shedding every day. Viral isolation was attempted in Vero cells (figure 1). From the 2nd to 7th day after inoculation, groups A and B showed fever anorexia, sneezing, coughing and depression; and viral isolation from nasal swabs was possible in 7 gilts at days 4 to 11, 9 gilts developed neutralizing antibodies. The virus caused fetal reabsorption in swine during the first period of pregnancy (group A), while infection during late pregnancy resulted in still birth or normal pigs and one mummification (group B). The entire a live litter was composed of no more than 8 suckling pigs in both groups. At necropsy virus from turbinates, ovary , placenta, spleen and lung could be isolated only from 3 gilts (group B, table 1). In 5 of 35 stillbirth and alive fetuses virus could be isolated from spleen (100%), lung (80%), liver (60%) and brain (40%) indicating that the virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier thus producing lesions in porcine fetuses and causing reproductive failure in sows (table 2). Tissue specimens from these 35 fetuses were fixed in 10% formalin, included in paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In 13 fetuses microscopic lesions i.e. necrotic foci were found in lung (60%), liver (40%) and spleen (20%), these alterations were coincident with gross lesions in most of them. Inclusion bodies were absent. The gilts organs did not present gross lesions.
Assuntos
Morte Fetal/veterinária , Doenças Fetais/veterinária , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/isolamento & purificação , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Pseudorraiva/transmissão , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/biossíntese , Encéfalo/embriologia , Encéfalo/microbiologia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/etiologia , Morte Fetal/microbiologia , Morte Fetal/patologia , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/microbiologia , Doenças Fetais/patologia , Reabsorção do Feto/etiologia , Reabsorção do Feto/veterinária , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/classificação , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/imunologia , Troca Materno-Fetal , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Pseudorraiva/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Células Vero , Vísceras/embriologia , Vísceras/microbiologiaRESUMO
The RC/79 strain of the Aujeszkys disease virus was able to induce reproductive failure of pregnant gilts intranasally inoculated at different gestation periods. Four gilts 40-46 days pregnant (group A) and 6 gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group B) were instilled with 0.2 ml x 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50/0.2 ml) of the RC/79 strain into each nostril. Two gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group C) were used as non exposed controls. The three groups were kept in separated boxes and they were observed for clinical signs of infections and samples were collected for determination of viral shedding every day. Viral isolation was attempted in Vero cells (figure 1). From the 2nd to 7th day after inoculation, groups A and B showed fever anorexia, sneezing, coughing and depression; and viral isolation from nasal swabs was possible in 7 gilts at days 4 to 11, 9 gilts developed neutralizing antibodies. The virus caused fetal reabsorption in swine during the first period of pregnancy (group A), while infection during late pregnancy resulted in still birth or normal pigs and one mummification (group B). The entire a live litter was composed of no more than 8 suckling pigs in both groups. At necropsy virus from turbinates, ovary , placenta, spleen and lung could be isolated only from 3 gilts (group B, table 1). In 5 of 35 stillbirth and alive fetuses virus could be isolated from spleen (100
) and brain (40
) indicating that the virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier thus producing lesions in porcine fetuses and causing reproductive failure in sows (table 2). Tissue specimens from these 35 fetuses were fixed in 10
formalin, included in paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In 13 fetuses microscopic lesions i.e. necrotic foci were found in lung (60
) and spleen (20
), these alterations were coincident with gross lesions in most of them. Inclusion bodies were absent. The gilts organs did not present gross lesions.
RESUMO
The RC/79 strain of the Aujeszkys disease virus was able to induce reproductive failure of pregnant gilts intranasally inoculated at different gestation periods. Four gilts 40-46 days pregnant (group A) and 6 gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group B) were instilled with 0.2 ml x 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50/0.2 ml) of the RC/79 strain into each nostril. Two gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group C) were used as non exposed controls. The three groups were kept in separated boxes and they were observed for clinical signs of infections and samples were collected for determination of viral shedding every day. Viral isolation was attempted in Vero cells (figure 1). From the 2nd to 7th day after inoculation, groups A and B showed fever anorexia, sneezing, coughing and depression; and viral isolation from nasal swabs was possible in 7 gilts at days 4 to 11, 9 gilts developed neutralizing antibodies. The virus caused fetal reabsorption in swine during the first period of pregnancy (group A), while infection during late pregnancy resulted in still birth or normal pigs and one mummification (group B). The entire a live litter was composed of no more than 8 suckling pigs in both groups. At necropsy virus from turbinates, ovary , placenta, spleen and lung could be isolated only from 3 gilts (group B, table 1). In 5 of 35 stillbirth and alive fetuses virus could be isolated from spleen (100
) and brain (40
) indicating that the virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier thus producing lesions in porcine fetuses and causing reproductive failure in sows (table 2). Tissue specimens from these 35 fetuses were fixed in 10
formalin, included in paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In 13 fetuses microscopic lesions i.e. necrotic foci were found in lung (60
) and spleen (20
), these alterations were coincident with gross lesions in most of them. Inclusion bodies were absent. The gilts organs did not present gross lesions.
RESUMO
The RC/79 strain of the Aujeszkys disease virus was able to induce reproductive failure of pregnant gilts intranasally inoculated at different gestation periods. Four gilts 40-46 days pregnant (group A) and 6 gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group B) were instilled with 0.2 ml x 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50/0.2 ml) of the RC/79 strain into each nostril. Two gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group C) were used as non exposed controls. The three groups were kept in separated boxes and they were observed for clinical signs of infections and samples were collected for determination of viral shedding every day. Viral isolation was attempted in Vero cells (figure 1). From the 2nd to 7th day after inoculation, groups A and B showed fever anorexia, sneezing, coughing and depression; and viral isolation from nasal swabs was possible in 7 gilts at days 4 to 11, 9 gilts developed neutralizing antibodies. The virus caused fetal reabsorption in swine during the first period of pregnancy (group A), while infection during late pregnancy resulted in still birth or normal pigs and one mummification (group B). The entire a live litter was composed of no more than 8 suckling pigs in both groups. At necropsy virus from turbinates, ovary , placenta, spleen and lung could be isolated only from 3 gilts (group B, table 1). In 5 of 35 stillbirth and alive fetuses virus could be isolated from spleen (100
), lung (80
), liver (60
) and brain (40
) indicating that the virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier thus producing lesions in porcine fetuses and causing reproductive failure in sows (table 2). Tissue specimens from these 35 fetuses were fixed in 10
formalin, included in paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In 13 fetuses microscopic lesions i.e. necrotic foci were found in lung (60
), liver (40
) and spleen (20
), these alterations were coincident with gross lesions in most of them. Inclusion bodies were absent. The gilts organs did not present gross lesions.
RESUMO
The RC/79 strain of the Aujeszkys disease virus was able to induce reproductive failure of pregnant gilts intranasally inoculated at different gestation periods. Four gilts 40-46 days pregnant (group A) and 6 gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group B) were instilled with 0.2 ml x 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50/0.2 ml) of the RC/79 strain into each nostril. Two gilts 70-73 days pregnant (group C) were used as non exposed controls. The three groups were kept in separated boxes and they were observed for clinical signs of infections and samples were collected for determination of viral shedding every day. Viral isolation was attempted in Vero cells (figure 1). From the 2nd to 7th day after inoculation, groups A and B showed fever anorexia, sneezing, coughing and depression; and viral isolation from nasal swabs was possible in 7 gilts at days 4 to 11, 9 gilts developed neutralizing antibodies. The virus caused fetal reabsorption in swine during the first period of pregnancy (group A), while infection during late pregnancy resulted in still birth or normal pigs and one mummification (group B). The entire a live litter was composed of no more than 8 suckling pigs in both groups. At necropsy virus from turbinates, ovary , placenta, spleen and lung could be isolated only from 3 gilts (group B, table 1). In 5 of 35 stillbirth and alive fetuses virus could be isolated from spleen (100
), lung (80
), liver (60
) and brain (40
) indicating that the virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier thus producing lesions in porcine fetuses and causing reproductive failure in sows (table 2). Tissue specimens from these 35 fetuses were fixed in 10
formalin, included in paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In 13 fetuses microscopic lesions i.e. necrotic foci were found in lung (60
), liver (40
) and spleen (20
), these alterations were coincident with gross lesions in most of them. Inclusion bodies were absent. The gilts organs did not present gross lesions.