RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Maternal obesity and high gestational weight gain (GWG) disproportionally affect low-income populations and may be associated with child neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. We examined sex-specific associations between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and child neurodevelopment at age 7. METHODS: Data are from a prospective low-income cohort of African American and Dominican women (n = 368; 44.8% male offspring) enrolled during the second half of pregnancy from 1998 to 2006. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at approximately child age 7. Linear regression estimated associations between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and child outcomes, adjusting for race/ethnicity, marital status, gestational age at delivery, maternal education, maternal IQ and child age. RESULTS: Overweight affected 23.9% of mothers and obesity affected 22.6%. At age 7, full-scale IQ was higher among girls (99.7 ± 11.6) compared to boys (96.9 ± 13.3). Among boys, but not girls, prepregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower full-scale IQ scores [overweight ß: - 7.1, 95% CI: (- 12.1, - 2.0); obesity ß: - 5.7, 95% CI: (- 10.7, - 0.7)]. GWG was not associated with full-scale IQ in either sex. CONCLUSIONS: Prepregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower IQ among boys, but not girls, at 7 years. These findings are important considering overweight and obesity prevalence and the long-term implications of early cognitive development.
Assuntos
Cognição , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Obesidade , Complicações na Gravidez , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Criança , República Dominicana/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pobreza , Gravidez , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that gestational exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA), an ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemical, may lead to neurobehavioral problems in childhood; however, not all results have been consistent. We previously reported a positive association between prenatal BPA exposure and symptoms of anxiety/depression reported by the mother at child age 7-9 years in boys, but not girls. OBJECTIVES: Here, in the same birth cohort, we investigated the association of prenatal BPA exposure with symptoms of depression and anxiety self-reported by the 10-12 year olds, hypothesizing that we would observe sex-specific differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. METHODS: African-American and Dominican women living in Northern Manhattan and their children were followed from mother's pregnancy through children's age 10-12 years. BPA was quantified in maternal urine collected during the third trimester of pregnancy and in child urine collected at ages 3 and 5 years. Children were evaluated using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS). We compared the children in the highest tertile of BPA concentration to those in the lower two tertiles. Associations between behavior and prenatal (maternal) BPA concentration or postnatal (child) BPA concentration were assessed in regression models stratified by sex. RESULTS: Significant positive associations between prenatal BPA and symptoms of depression and anxiety were observed among boys. Postnatal BPA exposure was not significantly associated with outcomes. There was substantial co-occurrence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in this sample. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that prenatal BPA exposure is associated with more symptoms of anxiety and depression in boys but not in girls at age 10-12 years.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Compostos Benzidrílicos/toxicidade , Depressão/induzido quimicamente , Fenóis/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Criança , República Dominicana/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Gravidez , População UrbanaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widespread urban air pollutants from fossil fuel burning and other combustion sources. We previously reported that a broad spectrum of combustion-related DNA adducts in cord blood was associated with attention problems at 6-7 years of age in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) longitudinal cohort study. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the relationship between behavioral problems and two different measures of prenatal exposure--both specific to PAH--in the same cohort. METHODS: Children of nonsmoking African-American and Dominican women in New York City (NYC) were followed from in utero to 6-7 years. Prenatal PAH exposure was estimated by personal air monitoring of the mothers during pregnancy as well as by the measurement of DNA adducts specific to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a representative PAH, in maternal and cord blood. At 6-7 years of age, child behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (n = 253). Generalized linear models were used to test the association between prenatal PAH exposure and behavioral outcomes. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, high prenatal PAH exposure, whether characterized by personal air monitoring (greater than the median of 2.27 ng/m³) or maternal and cord adducts (detectable or higher), was positively associated with symptoms of Anxious/Depressed and Attention Problems (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results provide additional evidence that environmental levels of PAH encountered in NYC air can adversely affect child behavior.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Poluentes Atmosféricos/sangue , Transtornos de Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos de Ansiedade/etnologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/induzido quimicamente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/etnologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Comportamento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , República Dominicana/etnologia , Feminino , Fluorescência , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Análise Multivariada , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/sangue , GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the relationship between prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and child intelligence. METHODS: Children of nonsmoking black or Dominican-American women residing in New York City were monitored from in utero to 5 years of age, with determination of prenatal PAH exposure through personal air monitoring for the mothers during pregnancy. At 5 years of age, intelligence was assessed for 249 children by using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate and to test the associations between prenatal PAH exposure and IQ. RESULTS: After adjustment for maternal intelligence, quality of the home caretaking environment, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and other potentially confounding factors, high PAH levels (above the median of 2.26 ng/m(3)) were inversely associated with full-scale IQ (P = .007) and verbal IQ (P = .003) scores. Children in the high-exposure group had full-scale and verbal IQ scores that were 4.31 and 4.67 points lower, respectively, than those of less-exposed children (Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade
, População Negra/psicologia
, Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia
, Inteligência/efeitos dos fármacos
, Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade
, Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/psicologia
, População Urbana
, Pré-Escolar
, República Dominicana/etnologia
, Feminino
, Seguimentos
, Humanos
, Lactente
, Recém-Nascido
, Cidade de Nova Iorque
, Gravidez
, Escalas de Wechsler
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous air pollutants generated by combustion of organic material, including fossil fuel. OBJECTIVES: It has been an open question whether prenatal exposure to air pollution in general and PAHs in particular significantly increases the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, including small size for gestational age (SGA), and preterm delivery. Here, we have examined this hypothesis in a cohort of mothers and newborns in New York City. METHODS: Subjects were young, nonsmoking, healthy African-American (n = 224) and Dominican (n = 392) mother-newborn pairs residing in New York City whose prenatal PAH exposures were estimated by personal air monitoring. Questionnaire and medical record data were obtained. RESULTS: A 1 natural-log (ln)-unit increase in prenatal PAH exposure was associated with a 2-fold increase in risk of symmetric intrauterine growth restriction (i.e., SGA and fetal growth ratio < 85%) among full-term African Americans (p < 0.05). Preterm delivery risk was 5-fold greater among African Americans per ln-unit increase in prenatal PAH exposure. The same unit increase in exposure significantly increased the ratio of head circumference to birth weight by 0.04% in African Americans. These effects were not observed in Dominicans. CONCLUSION: Prenatal PAH exposure is likely to contribute to the occurrence of SGA as well as preterm births among African Americans. The lack of an association in Dominicans might reflect modification of the risk by healthful cultural practices among recent Dominican immigrants. Given that PAHs are globally generated and distributed pollutants, our observations have potential implications for environmental health and energy policies.
Assuntos
Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/induzido quimicamente , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , República Dominicana/etnologia , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/farmacologia , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/induzido quimicamente , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Our prospective cohort study of nonsmoking African-American and Dominican mothers and children in New York City is evaluating the role of prenatal exposure to urban pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) , and pesticides, in the pathogenesis of neurobehavioral disorders. We used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to evaluate the effects on child mental and psychomotor development of prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs monitored during pregnancy by personal air sampling. Behavioral development was assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist. We adjusted for potential confounders including sociodemographic factors and prenatal exposure to ETS and chlorpyrifos. Prenatal exposure to PAHs was not associated with psychomotor development index or behavioral problems. However, high prenatal exposure to PAHs (upper quartile) was associated with lower mental development index at age 3 [beta=-5.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), -9.05 to -2.33; p<0.01]. The odds of cognitive developmental delay were also significantly greater for children with high prenatal exposure (odds ratio=2.89; 95% CI, 1.33 to 6.25; p=0.01). General estimated equation analysis showed a significant age times PAH effect on mental development (p=0.01), confirming the age-specific regression findings. Further adjustment for lead did not alter the relationships. There were no differences in effect sizes by ethnicity. The results require confirmation but suggest that environmental PAHs at levels recently encountered in New York City air may adversely affect children's cognitive development at 3 years of age, with implications for school performance.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Comportamento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , República Dominicana/etnologia , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/química , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Sistema Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , População UrbanaRESUMO
Quantification of the relationship between community-level chronic stress from neighborhood conditions and individual morale has rarely been reported. In this work, pregnant women were recruited at the prenatal clinics of Harlem Hospital and Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in the USA, and given an initial questionnaire that included all 27 questions of the Dohrenwend demoralization instrument, as well as questions about household economics and health. An index of chronic community stress (ICCS) was compiled for each of the health areas of the study zone by standardizing and weighting each stressor significantly associated with low birthweight rate and summing the standardized, weighted values. Health areas were divided into ICCS quintiles. The graph of the quintile weighted averages of the index vs. the quintile averages of the demoralization score was an asymmetric inverted 'U' shape that fitted well to a stochastic resonance signal transduction model (adjusted R2=0.73). On average, the women in the worst three quintiles were much heavier than those of the two best quintiles. Women reporting household economic deprivations were significantly more demoralized than the others. Median health area rents were strongly negatively associated with the ICCS. The worst average demoralization score occurred in the middle quintile, a state of coping with both poor community conditions and an economically strained household. Rents bridge community conditions and household economics.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Moral , Gestantes/etnologia , Carência Psicossocial , Características de Residência , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Adulto , Doença Crônica , República Dominicana/etnologia , Feminino , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , Humanos , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Gestantes/psicologia , Transdução de Sinais , Processos Estocásticos , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Inner-city, minority populations are high-risk groups for adverse birth outcomes and also are more likely to be exposed to environmental contaminants, including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. In a sample of 263 nonsmoking African-American and Dominican women, we evaluated the effects on birth outcomes of prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs monitored during pregnancy by personal air sampling, along with ETS estimated by plasma cotinine, and an organophosphate pesticide (OP) estimated by plasma chlorpyrifos (CPF). Plasma CPF was used as a covariate because it was the most often detected in plasma and was highly correlated with other pesticides frequently detected in plasma. Among African Americans, high prenatal exposure to PAHs was associated with lower birth weight (p = 0.003) and smaller head circumference (p = 0.01) after adjusting for potential confounders. CPF was associated with decreased birth weight and birth length overall (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively) and with lower birth weight among African Americans (p = 0.04) and reduced birth length in Dominicans (p < 0.001), and was therefore included as a covariate in the model with PAH. After controlling for CPF, relationships between PAHs and birth outcomes were essentially unchanged. In this analysis, PAHs and CPF appear to be significant independent determinants of birth outcomes. Further analyses of pesticides will be carried out. Possible explanations of the failure to find a significant effect of PAHs in the Hispanic subsample are discussed. This study provides evidence that environmental pollutants at levels currently encountered in New York City adversely affect fetal development.