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BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) may be at increased risk of developing periodontal diseases and dental caries due to poor oral hygiene. Our aim was to investigate motor proficiency factors associated with presence of visible plaque and gingival bleeding in people with IDs. We were particularly interested in the level of dependence, manual coordination and fine manual control of people with ID, as well as the level of exhaustion of the primary caregiver. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 299 people with ID were evaluated for oral hygiene using the simplified Visible Plaque Index and for gum inflammation using the Gingival Bleeding Index. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test assessed motor proficiency through fine manual control (fine motor integration and fine motor precision) and manual coordination (manual dexterity and upper limb coordination). The level of dependence was assessed by the Katz dependency index, and the caregiver was tested for exhaustion using the fatigue severity scale. Prevalence ratios [and 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were calculated using crude and adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The exhaustion of the caregiver was associated positively to visible plaque [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.36; 95% CI 1.06-1.65]. For gingival bleeding, people with IDs that had better fine motor integration (PR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.33-0.75) and precision (PR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.26-0.94), as well as manual dexterity (PR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.49-0.77), presented better results. CONCLUSION: Poor oral hygiene and gum inflammation were associated with motor proficiency of people with IDs and caregivers' exhaustion. Interventions to improve the oral health of people with IDs should take into account such conditions.

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Lymphoplasmacytic inflammation associated with bornavirus N protein occurs in the epicardial ganglia, myocardium and endocardium of birds diagnosed with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). These pathological findings suggest that sudden death in psittacine birds might stem from cardiac compromise due to parrot bornavirus (PaBV) infection. Therefore, we investigated cardiac lesions in cases of PDD, searching databases from 1988 to 2019, and reviewed three experimental studies of PaBV infection. Fifty cases of PDD in birds infected naturally with PaBV and 27 cases of PDD in birds infected experimentally with PaBV (all having descriptions of inflammatory cardiac lesions) were reviewed. For each case, five regions of the heart were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC). These regions were the epicardial ganglia/nerves, the endocardium, the myocardium, the Purkinje fibres and the great vessels. Sudden death was documented in 17/50 naturally infected cases, while 23/50 had digestive signs, and only 12/50 had neurological signs. Grossly, only five naturally-infected and five experimentally-infected cases had cardiomegaly or hydropericardium. Epicardial ganglioneuritis was the most consistent microscopical finding in natural (46/50) and experimental cases (26/27), followed by myocarditis (34/50) for naturally-infected and endocarditis for experimentally-infected birds (6/27). PaBV-2 antigen was detected most frequently by IHC in the epicardial ganglia (54/77) compared with the other tissues. This retrospective study demonstrates the presence of PaBV protein and inflammation in the heart of birds infected with PaBV and suggests a link between PaBV and cardiac disease and sudden death in psittacine birds.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the oral functionality and the oral sensorimotor alterations are associated with oropharyngeal dysphagia in community-dwelling older persons and long-term care older residents. METHODS: An exploratory study with 265 independent older persons of the southern state of Brazil. The diagnosis of dysphagia, as well as the condition of the oral sensorimotor system, was assessed by a speech-language therapist and the oral health status by a dentist. Poisson Regression with robust variance was used to calculate the crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR) and their respective confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The mean age was 73.5 (±8.9) years, women represented 59.2% of the sample. The frequency of dysphagia in the studied population was 45.3% (n = 120), being more frequent in the long-term care older residents (62.5%; n = 75) than in the community-dwelling older persons (37.5%; n = 45). Individuals with four or more oral sensorimotor alterations (PR = 2.01; 95% CI 1.27-3.18), as well as those who presented a non-functional oral status (PR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.02-2.54) presented a higher frequency of dysphagia. Subgroup analysis indicates the same trend of results, when stratified by community-dwelling older persons and long-term older residents. CONCLUSION: A non-functional oral health status and oral sensorimotor alterations are associated with a higher prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia.

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From 2009 to 2015, 74 lungs from suckling (6.8%), nursing (70.3%), fattening (20.3%) pigs and pregnant sows (2.7%) with respiratory signs from pig farms in Southern Brazil were submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for necropsy and/or histologic examination and screening for respiratory agents by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), virus isolation (VI) and subtyping for influenza A virus (IAV), IHC and nested PCR for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo), PCR for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), RT-qPCR for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and bacterial culture. All lung samples were positive for IAV using RT-qPCR. Seventy-two lungs had histologic lesions associated with acute to subacute IAV infection characterized by necrotizing bronchiolitis/bronchitis or bronchointerstitial pneumonia with lymphocytic peribronchiolitis and bronchiolar/bronchial hyperplasia, respectively. Forty-nine lungs (66.2%) were positive by IHC for IAV nucleoprotein. The H1N1/2009 was the most common subtype and the only IAV detected in 58.1% of lungs, followed by H1N2 (9.5%) and H3N2 (6.8%). Coinfection of IAV and Mhyo was seen in 23 (31%) cases. Although 14.9% of the lungs were positive for PCV2 using PCR, no suggestive lesions of PCV2 disease were observed. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was not detected, consistent with the PRRS-free status of Brazil. Secondary bacterial infections (8/38) were associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia and/or pleuritis. Primary IAV infection with Mhyo coinfection was the most common agents found in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in pigs in Southern Brazil.

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It now appears that obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue resulting from chronic activation of the innate immune system as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1). Previous investigations have described a positive association between IL-1 beta +3953 (C>T) gene polymorphism (rs 1143634) and obesity, suggesting functional effects on fat mass, fat metabolism and body mass. However, it is necessary to determine if these results occur in other populations and if they are influenced by sex and age. Therefore, we performed a case-control study using 880 Caucasian subjects (59.7+/-11.9 years old) from the Brazilian Aging Research Program (non-overweight=283, overweight=334, obese=263) previously investigated in genetic studies, in whom we analyzed the IL-1 beta +3953C/T polymorphism. We observed higher T allele (CT/TT) frequency in non-overweight than overweight and obese groups. The odds ratio showed 1.340 (95% CI: 1.119-1.605) times more chance of the obese group being CC carriers compared to non-overweight group independent of sex and age. This study corroborates the idea that the IL-1 system is linked to the development of obesity.

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Quarenta e cinco mastocitomas cutâneos caninos foram graduados histologicamente com o uso de hematoxilina-eosina. Foram empregados os métodos azul de toluidina e região organizadora nucleolar argirofílica (AgNOR) para, respectivamente, evidenciar os grânulos citoplasmáticos e avaliar o índice de proliferação celular. Diversas características histológicas foram observadas, como distribuição das células na pele, tamanho, forma, aspecto de citoplasma e núcleo, quantidade de estroma, presença de eosinófilos e alterações associadas. Com base nessas caracteríscas, 37,8% dos mastocitomas foram classificados como grau I, 51,1% como grau II e 11,1% como grau III. A média geral de AgNOR nos mastocitomas foi de 1,9 (1,2 a 4,3) e as médias para os graus I, II e III foram, respectivamente, de 1,5, 1,85 e 3,25. A técnica de AgNOR mostrou ser de fácil execução, custo acessível e confiável como meio auxiliar para estimar um prognóstico mais objetivo para os mastocitomas.(AU)

Forty-five cutaneous canine mast cell tumors were graded histologically on haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Toluidine blue and AgNOR methods were employed to enhance the intracytoplasmic granules and to assess cell proliferation, respectively. From these 45 samples histological features were observed as cell distribution, size, shape, nuclear and cytoplasmic appearance, amount of stroma, presence of eosinophils and some associated changes. Based on those features, 37.8% of the mast cell tumors were classified as grade I, 51.1% as grade II and 11.1% as grade III. General AgNOR mean value was 1.9 (range 1.2-4.3) whereas the means for grades I, II and III were, respectively, 1.2, 1.85 and 3.25. The AgNOR method proved to be feasible, inexpensive and a reliable tool to predict a more accurate prognosis for mast cell tumors.(AU)

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Quarenta e cinco mastocitomas cutâneos caninos foram graduados histologicamente com o uso de hematoxilina-eosina. Foram empregados os métodos azul de toluidina e região organizadora nucleolar argirofílica (AgNOR) para, respectivamente, evidenciar os grânulos citoplasmáticos e avaliar o índice de proliferação celular. Diversas características histológicas foram observadas, como distribuição das células na pele, tamanho, forma, aspecto de citoplasma e núcleo, quantidade de estroma, presença de eosinófilos e alterações associadas. Com base nessas caracteríscas, 37,8 por cento dos mastocitomas foram classificados como grau I, 51,1 por cento como grau II e 11,1 por cento como grau III. A média geral de AgNOR nos mastocitomas foi de 1,9 (1,2 a 4,3) e as médias para os graus I, II e III foram, respectivamente, de 1,5, 1,85 e 3,25. A técnica de AgNOR mostrou ser de fácil execução, custo acessível e confiável como meio auxiliar para estimar um prognóstico mais objetivo para os mastocitomas.

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We studied the utilization of protein-hydrolyzed sweet cheese whey as a medium for the production of beta-galactosidase by the yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 712 and CBS 6556. The conditions for growth were determined in shake cultures. The best growth occurred at pH 5.5 and 37 degrees C. Strain CBS 6556 grew in cheese whey in natura, while strain CBS 712 needed cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract. Each yeast was grown in a bioreactor under these conditions. The strains produced equivalent amounts of beta-galactosidase. To optimize the process, strain CBS 6556 was grown in concentrated cheese whey, resulting in a higher beta-galactosidase production. The beta-galactosidase produced by strain CBS 6556 produced maximum activity at 37 degrees C, and had low stability at room temperature (30 degrees C) as well as at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C. At -4 degrees C and -18 degrees C, the enzyme maintained its activity for over 9 weeks.