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PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the number of permanent teeth and the use of removable dental prostheses with self-reported dysphagia occurrence in individuals aged 60 years or older. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 5,432 old individuals who participated in the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Elderly Health (ELSI-Brazil). The outcome "dysphagia" was associated with the number of permanent teeth and the use of removable dental prostheses. Sociodemographic independent variables (age, sex, and race/ethnicity) and clinical history variables (no morbidity, one morbidity, or more than two morbidities) were analyzed using Poisson Regression with robust variance and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported dysphagia in non-institutionalized old individuals was 30%. The group of old individuals with 10 - 19 natural teeth showed a 52% increased risk of self-reported dysphagia complaint (PRadj 1,565 IC95% 1,34;1,826) compared to their counterparts with more teeth. CONCLUSION: An association was found between a lower number of teeth and removable prostheses with the occurrence of dysphagia.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre o número de dentes e uso de prótese dentária removível e a ocorrência de disfagia autorreferida em idosos de 60 anos ou mais. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 5.432 idosos, que participaram da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Idoso (ELSI-Brasil). O desfecho "disfagia" foi associado ao número de dentes permanentes e ao uso de prótese dentária removível. As variáveis independentes sociodemográficas (idade, sexo e cor/raça) e de histórico clínico (nenhuma morbidade, uma morbidade ou mais de duas morbidades) utilizando Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% foram analisados. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de disfagia autorreferida nos idosos não institucionalizados foi de 30%. O grupo de idosos com 10 ­ 19 dentes permanentes apresentou um risco de 52% de queixa de disfagia autorreferida (RPaj 1,565 IC95% 1,34;1,826) se comparado com seus pares com mais dentes. CONCLUSÃO: foi encontrada associação entre o menor número de dentes e próteses removíveis com a ocorrência de disfagia.

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RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a associação entre o número de dentes e uso de prótese dentária removível e a ocorrência de disfagia autorreferida em idosos de 60 anos ou mais. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional com 5.432 idosos, que participaram da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Idoso (ELSI-Brasil). O desfecho "disfagia" foi associado ao número de dentes permanentes e ao uso de prótese dentária removível. As variáveis independentes sociodemográficas (idade, sexo e cor/raça) e de histórico clínico (nenhuma morbidade, uma morbidade ou mais de duas morbidades) utilizando Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% foram analisados. Resultados A prevalência de disfagia autorreferida nos idosos não institucionalizados foi de 30%. O grupo de idosos com 10 - 19 dentes permanentes apresentou um risco de 52% de queixa de disfagia autorreferida (RPaj 1,565 IC95% 1,34;1,826) se comparado com seus pares com mais dentes. Conclusão foi encontrada associação entre o menor número de dentes e próteses removíveis com a ocorrência de disfagia.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the association between the number of permanent teeth and the use of removable dental prostheses with self-reported dysphagia occurrence in individuals aged 60 years or older. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 5,432 old individuals who participated in the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Elderly Health (ELSI-Brazil). The outcome "dysphagia" was associated with the number of permanent teeth and the use of removable dental prostheses. Sociodemographic independent variables (age, sex, and race/ethnicity) and clinical history variables (no morbidity, one morbidity, or more than two morbidities) were analyzed using Poisson Regression with robust variance and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The prevalence of self-reported dysphagia in non-institutionalized old individuals was 30%. The group of old individuals with 10 - 19 natural teeth showed a 52% increased risk of self-reported dysphagia complaint (PRadj 1,565 IC95% 1,34;1,826) compared to their counterparts with more teeth. Conclusion An association was found between a lower number of teeth and removable prostheses with the occurrence of dysphagia.

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Conceptual or theoretical models are crucial in developing causal hypotheses and interpreting study findings, but they have been underused and misused in aetiological research, particularly in dentistry and oral epidemiology. Good models should incorporate updated evidence and clarify knowledge gaps to derive logical hypotheses. Developing models and deriving testable hypotheses in operational models can be challenging, as seen in the four examples referred to in this commentary. One challenge concerns the theoretical validity of the model, while another relates to difficulties in operationalizing abstract concepts. A third challenge refers to the lack of sufficient information in the dataset to test partially or even the whole model. Finally, a common challenge is the application of a conceptual model to different contexts. Among the existing methodological approaches to operationalize conceptual models, causal graphs may be helpful, especially when combined with approaches from diverse disciplinary fields via triangulation.

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This article aims to estimate the prevalence of self-reported discrimination against people with hearing loss in Brazilian health services and analyze associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The final study sample comprised 1,464 individuals with self-reported hearing loss. Poisson regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of discrimination was 15%. Prevalence was higher among black people and respondents who reported experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. Prevalence of discrimination in Brazilian health services was highest in black people with limitations in activities of daily living. The implementation of policies and actions to address this problem is recommended, including strategies during the education and training of health professionals.

O artigo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de discriminação social autorreferida em pessoas com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros, verificando fatores associados à discriminação. Estudo transversal de base populacional, com dados de um inquérito epidemiológico domiciliar realizado ponderadamente em todo o território brasileiro no ano de 2013. A amostra final deste estudo compreendeu 1.464 adultos com perda auditiva autorreferida. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas para a investigação das prevalências de discriminação autorreferida nos serviços de saúde e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de discriminação em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros foi de 15%. Indivíduos de cor/raça preta e que relataram que a perda auditiva limita as suas atividades de vida diária apresentaram maior associação com discriminação. Pessoas com deficiência auditiva de cor/raça preta e que apresentam limitação nas atividades da vida diária em decorrência da perda auditiva relataram maior discriminação nos serviços de saúde. Estratégias de enfrentamento à discriminação de profissionais da área da saúde devem ser implementadas para que esse cenário seja modificado.

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Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de discriminação social autorreferida em pessoas com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros, verificando fatores associados à discriminação. Estudo transversal de base populacional, com dados de um inquérito epidemiológico domiciliar realizado ponderadamente em todo o território brasileiro no ano de 2013. A amostra final deste estudo compreendeu 1.464 adultos com perda auditiva autorreferida. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas para a investigação das prevalências de discriminação autorreferida nos serviços de saúde e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A prevalência de discriminação em adultos com deficiência auditiva nos serviços de saúde brasileiros foi de 15%. Indivíduos de cor/raça preta e que relataram que a perda auditiva limita as suas atividades de vida diária apresentaram maior associação com discriminação. Pessoas com deficiência auditiva de cor/raça preta e que apresentam limitação nas atividades da vida diária em decorrência da perda auditiva relataram maior discriminação nos serviços de saúde. Estratégias de enfrentamento à discriminação de profissionais da área da saúde devem ser implementadas para que esse cenário seja modificado.

Abstract This article aims to estimate the prevalence of self-reported discrimination against people with hearing loss in Brazilian health services and analyze associated factors. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The final study sample comprised 1,464 individuals with self-reported hearing loss. Poisson regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of discrimination was 15%. Prevalence was higher among black people and respondents who reported experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. Prevalence of discrimination in Brazilian health services was highest in black people with limitations in activities of daily living. The implementation of policies and actions to address this problem is recommended, including strategies during the education and training of health professionals.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the speech pattern of patients with hereditary Spastic Paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) and correlated it with their clinical data. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was carried out in two university hospitals in Brazil. Two groups participated in the study: the case group (n = 28) with a confirmed genetic diagnosis for SPG4 and a control group (n = 17) matched for sex and age. The speech assessment of both groups included: speech task recording, acoustic analysis, and auditory-perceptual analysis. In addition, disease severity was assessed with the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS). RESULTS: In the auditory-perceptual analysis, 53.5% (n = 15) of individuals with SPG4 were dysarthric, with mild to moderate changes in the subsystems of phonation and articulation. On acoustic analysis, SPG4 subjects' performances were worse in measurements related to breathing (maximum phonation time) and articulation (speech rate, articulation rate). The articulation variables (speech rate, articulation rate) are related to the age of onset of the first motor symptom. CONCLUSION: Dysarthria in SPG4 is frequent and mild, and it did not evolve in conjunction with more advanced motor diseases. This data suggest that diagnosed patients should be screened and referred for speech therapy evaluation and those pathophysiological mechanisms of speech involvement may differ from the length-dependent degeneration of the corticospinal tract.

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Abstract Objective: To describe the speech pattern of patients with hereditary Spastic Paraplegia type 4 (SPG4) and correlated it with their clinical data. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out in two university hospitals in Brazil. Two groups participated in the study: the case group (n = 28) with a confirmed genetic diagnosis for SPG4 and a control group (n = 17) matched for sex and age. The speech assessment of both groups included: speech task recording, acoustic analysis, and auditory-perceptual analysis. In addition, disease severity was assessed with the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS). Results: In the auditory-perceptual analysis, 53.5% (n = 15) of individuals with SPG4 were dysarthric, with mild to moderate changes in the subsystems of phonation and articulation. On acoustic analysis, SPG4 subjects' performances were worse in measurements related to breathing (maximum phonation time) and articulation (speech rate, articulation rate). The articulation variables (speech rate, articulation rate) are related to the age of onset of the first motor symptom. Conclusion: Dysarthria in SPG4 is frequent and mild, and it did not evolve in conjunction with more advanced motor diseases. This data suggest that diagnosed patients should be screened and referred for speech therapy evaluation and those pathophysiological mechanisms of speech involvement may differ from the length-dependent degeneration of the corticospinal tract.

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Introdução: Devido à COVID-19, os pacientes com doenças neurológicas deixaram de frequentar presencialmente as consultas fonoaudiológicas em ambulatórios. Objetivo: Descrever o relato da experiência fonoaudiológica em pacientes com doença neurológica com disartria e/ou disfagia durante a pandemia da COVID-19 através da telessaúde. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência. Foram incluídos pacientes do ambulatório de fonoaudiologia de um hospital universitário, que ficaram privados do acompanhamento fonoaudiológico em período pandêmico e que tinham diagnóstico de disfagia e/ou disartria (prévios à pandemia). No total, 43 pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo. Os indivíduos foram separados de acordo com seu diagnóstico fonoaudiológico: disfagia, disartria e disfagia/disartria. No início, todos foram reavaliados em videochamadas: disfagia (Northwestern dysphagia patient check sheet, Escala Funcional de Ingestão Via Oral e Instrumento de Autoavaliação da Alimentação); disartria (coleta de fala e questionário de autopercepção Radbould Oral Inventory Motor for Parkinson's disease). Após, os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente: teleatendimento fonoaudiológico por quatro semanas consecutivas, sendo o outro grupo controle, sem intervenções e/ou orientações. Todos foram reavaliados para a comparação pré e pós-acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Resultados: Nove participantes concluíram todas as etapas do estudo, sendo 6 (66,66%) homens. A média de idade foi de 60,44 anos (±16,13). Os participantes possuíam diagnóstico médico de doença neurológica, sendo 2 neurogenética (22,22%), 5 neurodegenerativa (55,5%) e 2 neurológicas (22,22%). Não foram observadas diferenças descritivas entre os grupos nas avaliações pré e pós-intervenção. A perda na amostra aconteceu devido à falta de dispositivos tecnológicos e à sobrecarga dos cuidadores. Conclusões: A experiência em tele fonoaudiologia, apesar de ter sido positiva, revelou a dificuldade da sua implementação em pacientes neurológicos de baixa condições sócio financeiras e educacional.

Introduction: Due to COVID-19, patients with neurological disease no longer attend face-to-face speech therapy consultations in outpatient clinics. Objective: To describe the report of the speech therapy experience patients with neurological disease with dysarthria and/or dysphagia during the COVID-19 pandemic through telehealth. Method: This is an experience report. Patients from the speech therapy outpatient clinic of a university hospital who were deprived of speech therapy during a pandemic period and had a diagnosis of dysphagia and/or dysarthria (prior to the pandemic) were included. In total, 43 patients were invited to participate in the study. Individuals were separated according to their speech-language diagnosis: dysphagia, dysarthria, and dysphagia/dysarthria. In the beginning, all were reassessed in video calls: dysphagia (Northwestern dysphagia patient check sheet, Functional Oral Intake Scale, and Food Self-Assessment Instrument); dysarthria (speech collection and self-perception questionnaire Radbould Oral Motor Inventory for Parkinson's disease). Afterward, the patients were randomly allocated: speech therapy telecare for four consecutive weeks, with the other being a control group, without interventions and/or guidance. All were reassessed for comparison before and after speech therapy follow-up. Results:Nine participants completed all stages of the study, 6 (66.66%) men. The mean age was 60.44 years (±16.13). Participants had a medical diagnosis of neurological disease, 2 of which were neurogenetic (22.22%), five neurodegenerative (55.5%), and two neurologic (22.22%). No descriptive differences were observed between groups in pre- and post-intervention assessments. The loss in the sample happened due to the lack of technological devices and the overload of caregivers. Conclusions: The experience in telehealth was positive, revealing the difficulty of its implementation in neurological patients with low socio-financial and educational conditions.

Introducción: Debido al COVID-19, los pacientes con enfermedades neurologicas ya no asisten a consultas de logopedia presenciales en consultas externas. Objetivo: Describir el relato de la experiencia fonoaudiológica en pacientes con enfermedades neurologicas con disartria y/o disfagia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 a través de telesalud. Método: Este es un relato de experiencia. Se incluyeron pacientes de la consulta externa de logopedia de un hospital universitario, que fueron privados de logopedia durante un período de pandemia y que tenían diagnóstico de disfagia y/o disartria (previo a la pandemia). En total, 43 pacientes fueron invitados a participar en el estudio. Los individuos se separaron según su diagnóstico del habla y el lenguaje: disfagia, disartria y disfagia/disartria. Al principio, todos fueron reevaluados en videollamadas: disfagia (Northwestern dysphagia patient check sheet), Escala de ingesta oral funcional e Instrumento de autoevaluación de alimentos); disartria (cuestionario de recogida de voz y autopercepción Radbould Oral Motor Inventory for Parkinson's disease). Posteriormente, los pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente: teleasistencia logopédica durante cuatro semanas consecutivas, siendo el otro grupo control, sin intervenciones y/u orientaciones. Todos fueron reevaluados para compararlos antes y después del seguimiento con logopedia. Resultados: Nueve participantes completaron todas las etapas del estudio, 6 (66,66%) hombres. La edad media fue de 60,44 años (±16,13). Los participantes tenían diagnóstico médico de enfermedad neurológica, 2 de ellas neurogenéticas (22,22%), 5 neurodegenerativas (55,5%) y 2 neurológica (22,22%). No se observaron diferencias descriptivas entre los grupos en las evaluaciones previas y posteriores a la intervención. La pérdida en la muestra ocurrió por la falta de dispositivos tecnológicos y la sobrecarga de cuidadores. Conclusiones: La experiencia en telefonoaudiología, a pesar de ser positiva, reveló la dificultad de su implementación en pacientes neurológicos de baja condición socioeconómica y educativa.

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INTRODUCTION: Swallowing impairment (SI) is an underdiagnosed dysfunction frequently seen as an expected condition of aging. However, SI can lead to health complications and considerable social impact. METHODS: The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the frequency and associated factors with SI in community-dwelling older persons. Searches were performed in 13 electronic databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE (from inception to September 18, 2021). Data extraction and methodological quality assessment of included studies were performed by two independent reviewers. Meta-analysis of proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI) and prediction interval (PI) was used to pool estimates. Subgroup analysis by Country and Assessment Method was performed. General meta-analysis was used to pool measures of association between potential risk factors and SI occurrence (odds ratio [OR] or prevalence ratio [PR]). RESULTS: The worldwide estimated frequency of SI in community-dwelling older persons was 20.35% (95%CI 16.61-24.68%, 95%PI 4.79-56.45, I2 99%, n = 33,291). This estimation varied across assessment methods and by country. The main factors associated with SI were a dry mouth (OR 8.1, 95%CI 4.9-13.4), oral diadochokinesis (OR 5.3, 95%CI 1.0-27.3), ≥ 80 years old (OR 4.9, 95%CI 2.6-9.2), genetic factor (SNPrs17601696) (OR 4.8, 95%CI 2.7-8.3), and partial dependence (OR 4.3, 95%CI 2.0-9.3). And the main factors associated with SI estimated by PR were dry mouth sensation (PR 4.1, 95%CI 2.6-6.5), oral sensorimotor alteration (PR 2.6, 95%CI 1.4-4.9), osteoporosis (PR 2.51, 95%CI 1.2-5.3), and heart diseases (PR 2.31, 95%CI 1.1-5.0). CONCLUSION: One in five older adults worldwide are expected to experience SI and factors associated with this underdiagnosed dysfunction included biological and physiological changes related to aging, physical and psychological conditions, and poor oral health. Early assessment is paramount for the prevention of future clinical complications and should be a high priority in health care practices.

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PURPOSE: To identify the factors associated with frailty in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, whose sample consisted of 150 patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases seen at a speech-language therapy clinic in a reference hospital in southern Brazil. A secondary exploratory analysis of the medical records of patients treated at this clinic between April 2016 and May 2019 was performed. The information collected was sex, age, education, type of neurodegenerative disease, time of disease, frailty (Edmonton Frail Scale-EFS), swallowing (Northwestern Dysphagia Patient CheckSheet-NDPCS, Eating Assessment Tool-EAT 10), and cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination-MMSE and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-MoCA). Continuous quantitative variables were analyzed using mean and standard deviation and categorical quantitative variables from absolute and relative frequency, as well as their association with the outcome using the Chi-square test. Crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios were assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance. All statistical tests were considered significant at a level of 5%. RESULTS: The significant factors associated with frailty were the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia and altered cognitive performance. Individuals with frailty have a higher prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (PR= 1.772(1.094-2.872)), while cognition alteration presented a lower prevalence (PR= 0.335(0.128-0.873). CONCLUSION: Oropharyngeal dysphagia can be an important clinical predictive factor for consideration in cases of frailty in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores associados à fragilidade em pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi composta por 150 pacientes com diagnóstico de doenças neurodegenerativas atendidos em um ambulatório de Fonoaudiologia de um hospital de referência no sul do Brasil. Foi realizada análise secundária exploratória dos prontuários dos pacientes atendidos neste ambulatório entre o período de abril de 2016 e maio de 2019. As informações coletadas foram: sexo, idade, escolaridade, tipo de doença neurodegenerativa, tempo de doença, fragilidade (Edmonton Frail Scale - EFS), deglutição (Northwestern Dysphagia Patient CheckSheet- NDPCS, Eating Assessment Tool-EAT 10) e cognição (Mini-Mental State Examination-MMSE e Montreal Cognitive Assessment-MoCA). As variáveis quantitativas contínuas foram analisadas a partir de média e desvio padrão e as quantitativas categóricas a partir de frequência absoluta e relativa, assim como analisou-se a associação destas com o desfecho pelo teste Qui-Quadrado. As Razões de Prevalência brutas e ajustadas foram avaliadas a partir da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Todos os testes estatísticos foram considerados significativos a um nível de 5%. RESULTADOS: Os fatores significativos associados à fragilidade foram à presença de disfagia orofaríngea e desempenho cognitivo alterado. Indivíduos com a fragilidade apresentam maior prevalência de disfagia orofaríngea (RP=1,772(1,094-2,872)), enquanto a cognição alterada está associada a menor prevalência de fragilidade (RP=0,335(0,128-0,873). CONCLUSÃO: A disfagia orofaríngea pode ser um importante fator clínico preditivo a ser considerado em casos de fragilidade em pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas.

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