RESUMO
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy comprising approximately 15% of lung cancers. Only one-third of patients are diagnosed at limited-stage (LS). Surgical resection can be curative in early stages, followed by platinum-etoposide adjuvant therapy, although only a minority of patients with SCLC qualify for surgery. Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy is the standard of care for LS-SCLC that is not surgically resectable, followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for patients without progression. For extensive-stage (ES)-SCLC, a combination of platinum and etoposide has historically been a mainstay of treatment. Recently, the efficacy of programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy has become the new front-line standard of care for ES-SCLC. Emerging knowledge regarding SCLC biology, including genomic characterization and molecular subtyping, and new treatment approaches will potentially lead to advances in SCLC patient care.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão , Humanos , Etoposídeo/uso terapêutico , Platina/uso terapêutico , Seguimentos , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/terapia , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Limited strategies are available at disease progression on osimertinib for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC. The emergence of the on-target EGFR C797S mutation has been described as one of the most common mechanisms of resistance. In addition, loss of the EGFR T790M mutation has been mainly investigated as a resistance phenomenon to second-line osimertinib exposure. Remarkably, by studying the molecular profile at progression, it has been reported that the presence of the EGFR-sensitizing mutation, concurrently with the T790M, and C797S resulted in resistance to the current available EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Here, we report the first clinical evidence of gefitinib efficacy at EGFR exon 19 deletion/C797S mutation/T790M loss-mediated resistance to first-line osimertinib. Our findings highlight that dynamic genetic monitoring is a crucial approach in the evolution of EGFR-mutant NSCLC to understand the acquired molecular mechanisms for driving the best treatment strategy.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Progression-free survival (PFS) and response rate to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) varies in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) driven byEGFR mutations, suggesting that other genetic alterations may influence oncogene addiction. Low BRCA1 mRNA levels correlate with longer PFS in erlotinib-treated EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients. Since the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, may attenuate and/or prevent BRCA1 expression, the addition of olaparib to gefitinib could improve outcome in EGFR-mutant advanced NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GOAL was a multicenter, randomized phase IB/II study performed in two countries, Spain and Mexico. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, treatment-naïve, pathologically confirmed stage IV NSCLC, with centrally confirmed EGFR mutations and measurable disease. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive gefitinib 250â¯mg daily or gefitinib 250â¯mg daily plus olaparib 200â¯mg three times daily in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was PFS. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), response rate, safety and tolerability. RESULTS: Between September 2013, and July 2016, 182 patients underwent randomization, 91 received gefitinib and 91 received gefitinib plus olaparib. There were no differences in gender, age, smoking status, performance status, presence of bone and brain metastases or type ofEGFR mutation. Median PFS was 10.9 months (95 % CI 9.3-13.3) in the gefitinib arm and 12.8 months (95 % CI 9.1-14.7) in the gefitinib plus olaparib arm (HR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.00-1.92; pâ¯=â¯0.124). The most common adverse events were anemia, 78 % in gefitinib plus olaparib group, 38 % in gefitinib arm, diarrhea, 65 % and 60 %, and fatigue, 40 % and 32 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The gefitinib plus olaparib combination did not provide significant benefit over gefitinib alone. The combination's safety profile showed an increase in hematological and gastrointestinal toxicity, compared to gefitinib alone, however, no relevant adverse events were noted.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Receptores ErbB/genética , Gefitinibe/uso terapêutico , Objetivos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , México , Mutação , Ftalazinas , Piperazinas , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a 5-year survival of 5-16%. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, in most cases, confer sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Nonetheless, it is still unclear why clinical outcomes vary among patients with identical EGFR mutations. The amplification of the EGFR gene (EGFRamp) may play a significant role. OBJECTIVE: Compare the complete (CR) and partial response (PR) rates, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in Hispanic patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with erlotinib with EGFR mutations (L858R or exon 19 deletion [Del19]) with and without concomitant EGFRamp. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two EGFR-positive lung adenocarcinoma patients of Hispanic origin, who underwent first-line treatment with erlotinib, were evaluated for EGFRamp by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The clinical outcomes were analyzed according to EGFR mutations and EGFRamp status. RESULTS: 30.6% of samples showed EGFRamp, more frequently present in patients with Del19 (p = 0.05). Patients with EGFRamp had a longer PFS (in months) [(28.5, 95% CI 22.3-34.6) vs. (11.0, 95% CI 8.2-16.7); p = 0.002] and OS [(37.8, 95% CI 30.9-44.7) vs. (27.1, 95% CI 12.8-41.3); p = 0.009] than those without. EGFRamp significantly influenced the response to erlotinib (p = 0.0001). EGFRamp+/Del19 had a longer OS, 37.8 (95% CI 31.0-44.6), compared to EGFRamp+/L8585R, 27.5 (95% CI 12.4-42.5) (p < 0.001) and longer PFS (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Among Hispanic patients, EGFRamp was present in 30% of patients with EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations and EGFRamp are associated with better OS, PFS, CR, and PR to erlotinib and, hence, could aid in the correct selection of patients that benefit from EGFR TKI treatment.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Mutação , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/enzimologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores ErbB/genética , Feminino , Amplificação de Genes , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Heavily treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have few treatment options, while irinotecan and bevacizumab have proven synergistic action in preclinical studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 49 patients with heavily treated NSCLC were enrolled from 2011-2014 and treated with irinotecan and bevacizumab. Treatment response along with mutational status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP1) and EGFR expression were evaluated. Progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival were monitored. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 13.2 months. Twenty-three patients had received three or more prior therapy lines. Overall response rate was 32% [95% confidence interval (CI)=22%-39%] and 26% of patients achieved stable disease. Median PFS was 4.4 (95% CI=2.8-8.3) months and median OS 18.0 (95% CI=16.2-30.7) months. Nine patients harboring EGFR mutations had a long-lasting partial response. A shorter OS was found in patients with a higher TIMP1 expression (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Irinotecan combined with bevacizumab had favorable antitumor activity in heavily pretreated patients with NSCLC. These results suggest this is a reasonable strategy, particularly for patients with low TIMP1 expression.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Bevacizumab/administração & dosagem , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-1/genética , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Bevacizumab/uso terapêutico , Camptotecina/administração & dosagem , Camptotecina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Irinotecano , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) all eventually develop acquired resistance to the treatment, with half of the patients developing EGFR T790M resistance mutations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess histological and clinical characteristics and survival outcomes in Hispanic EGFR mutated lung cancer patients after disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: EGFR mutation-positive lung cancer patients (n = 34) with acquired resistance to the EGFR-TKI erlotinib were identified from 2011 to 2015. Post-progression tumor specimens were collected for molecular analysis. Post-progression interventions, response to treatment, and survival were assessed and compared among all patients and those with and without T790M mutations. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.4 ± 13.9 years, 65% were never-smokers, and 53% had a performance status 0-1. All patients received erlotinib as first-line treatment. Identified mutations included: 60% DelE19 (Del746-750) and 40% L858R. First-line erlotinib overall response rate (ORR) was 61.8% and progression free survival (PFS) was 16.8 months (95% CI: 13.7-19.9). Acquired resistance mutations identified were T790M mutation (47.1%); PI3K mutations (14.7%); EGFR amplification (14.7%); KRAS mutation (5.9%); MET amplification (8.8%); HER2 alterations (5.9%, deletions/insertions in e20); and SCLC transformation (2.9%). Of patients, 79.4% received treatment after progression. ORR for post-erlotinib treatment was 47.1% (CR 2/PR 14) and median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI: 2.2-36.6). Median overall survival (OS) from treatment initiation was 32.9 months (95% CI: 30.4-35.3), and only the use of post-progression therapy affected OS in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hispanic patients with acquired resistance to erlotinib continued to be sensitive to other treatments after progression. The proportion of T790M+ patients appears to be similar to that previously reported in Caucasians.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/etnologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores ErbB/genética , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/uso terapêutico , Hispânico ou Latino/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etnologia , Mutação , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Progressão da Doença , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Germline alterations in the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-like 11 (BIM) can have a crucial role in diverse tumors. To determine the clinical utility of detecting BIM deletion polymorphisms (par4226 bp/ par363 bp) in EGFR positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) we examined the outcomes of patients with and without BIM alterations. RESULTS: BIM deletion was present in 14 patients (15.7%). There were no significant differences between patients with and without BIM-del in clinical characteristics or EGFR mutation type; however, those with BIM-del had a worse overall response rate (ORR) to erlotinib (42.9% vs. 73.3% in patients without BIM-del; p=0.024) as well as a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (10.8 BIM-del+ vs. 21.7 months for patients without BIM-del; p=0.029) and overall survival (OS) (15.5 BIM-del+ vs. 34.0 months for patients without BIM-del; p=0.035). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that BIM-del+ was an independent indicator of shorter PFS (HR 3.0; 95%CI 1.2-7.6; p=0.01) and OS (HR 3.4; 95%CI 1.4-8.3; p=0.006). METHODS: We studied 89 NSCLC Hispanic patients with EGFR mutation who were treated with erlotinib between January 2009 and November 2014. BIM deletion polymorphisms (BIM-del) was analyzed by PCR in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of tumor biopsies. We retrospectively analyzed clinical characteristics, response rate, toxicity, and outcomes among patients with and without BIM-del. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of BIM-del found in Hispanic patients is similar to that previously described in Asia. This alteration is associated with a poor clinical response to erlotinib and represents an independent prognostic factor for patients who had NSCLC with an EGFR mutation.
Assuntos
Proteína 11 Semelhante a Bcl-2/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Hispânico ou Latino , Polimorfismo Genético , Deleção de Sequência/genética , Povo Asiático , Biomarcadores Farmacológicos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Receptores ErbB/genética , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Describir los resultados del tratamiento en pacientes con carcinoma de células no pequeñas avanzado. El 70 % de los pacientes debutan con enfermedad avanzada con supervivencia global de 5 años menor del 13 %. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron variables clínicas de 176 pacientes tratados en Bogotá. RESULTADOS: Promedio de edad 64 años, 64 % hombres 51 % tenía ECOG ≤1. El 90 % tenía compromiso metastásico principalmente a nivel pulmonar y en sistema nervioso central. El 76 % recibió terapia combinada como primera línea; 126 sujetos fueron tratados con (cisplatino 38/21,6 % y carboplatino 88 / 50% más algún agente de tercera generación o etopósido. Treinta y cuatro pacientes recibieron monoterapia, ocho, erlotinib. Se suministraron 3,7 ± 1,7 ciclos por paciente, la tasa de respuesta global fue 29 %, beneficio clínico 39 %, la mediana del tiempo de progresión 3,4 meses. La tercera parte de la población recibió segunda línea; en este grupo tasa de respuesta completa 15,8 %, beneficio clínico 33,8 % la mediana de tiempo libre de progresión 3,1 meses. El 69,3 % había muerto, la mediana de sobrevida global para la población total fue 9,2 meses, la proporción de sujetos vivos a 1 año 26 %. Variables como sexo, estado funcional, historia de tabaquismo, administración de segunda línea, adenocarcinoma, influyeron sobre la supervivencia. CONCLUSIONES: El comportamiento clínico y los objetivos del tratamiento de los pacientes incluidos en este estudio son similares a los reportados en la literatura médica.
Describing results of treatment in patients suffering advanced no small cell according to routine clinical practice. The 70 % of patients suffering debut with advanced disease are determining less than 13 % overall survival in 5 years. METHODS: 176 patients treated in Bogotá. RESULTS: The mean age was 64 years; 64 % were male 51 % had ≤1 ECOG. The 90 % had metastasis, mainly in the lung and in central nervous system. 76 % received combined therapy as the first line of intervention; 126 subjects were treated with a platinum compounds (cisplatin 38/21.6 % carboplatin 88/50 %) plus some third generation agent or etoposide. Thirty-four received monotherapy and eight erlotinib; 3.7 ± 1.7 cycles per patient were supplied on average, overall response rate was 29 %, clinical benefit 39 % and the median time to progression was 3.4 months. Only the third part of the population received a second line intervention; in this group overall response was 15.8 %, clinical benefit 33.8 % and free time progression was 3.1 months. When follow-up finished, 69.3 % had died, median the overall survival was 9.2 months 26 % of the subjects lived for up to one year. Some variables such gender, functional state, history of smoking, administering second line agent and a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma influenced in superlife. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical behaviour and outcomes treatment of patients included in this study were similar to those previously reported in the medical literature.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Metástase Neoplásica/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Colômbia , Espanha , Oncologia , Tabagismo/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: la incidencia del adenocarcinoma de pulmón (ADCP) se ha incrementado en 100 por ciento desde 1950. Material y métodos: realizar una descripción detallada de los desenlaces de 147 pacientes con ADCP avanzado tratados en Bogotá entre los años 2000 y 2007. Se estimaron la respuesta global (TRG), el beneficio clínico (BC), el tiempo libre de progresión (TLP) y la supervivencia global (SG). En un subgrupo de pacientes se estudiaron las mutaciones en el gen EGFR. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue 66±12.8 años, 78 fueron mujeres, el 40 por ciento nunca había tenido exposición al humo por combustión del tabaco y en 119 casos se encontró un estado funcional = 70 por ciento. El sitio dominante de metástasis fue el sistema nervioso seguido por la afectación pulmonar. El 69 por ciento de los pacientes recibió terapia combinada con platino como primera línea de intervención y 32 sujetos (22 por ciento) recibieron erlotinib en algún momento del tratamiento de la enfermedad. La respuesta a la primera línea fue evaluable en 110 pacientes (74.8 por ciento); la TRG fue 28 por ciento, el BC fue 39 por ciento y la mediana del TLP fue de 3.7 meses (0.6-18.2). En 46 pacientes se administró una segunda línea con la que se obtuvo una TRG de 8 por ciento, un BC del 25 por ciento y un TLP de 3.7 meses (2.1-17). La mediana de SG para la población total fue 9.8 meses (6.3-19). Algunas variables como el ECOG, la ausencia de tabaquismo, la administración de una segunda o tercera línea de tratamiento y el haber recibido erlotinib, influyeron positivamente sobre este desenlace. En 10 casos seleccionados se realizó el perfil mutacional para el EGFR, cuatro presentaron alteraciones en el exón 19 (dos pacientes mostraron una inserción de 3 nucleótidos ricos en serina (L747_S750) que no había sido reportada previamente) y dos tuvieron la mutación del E21 (L858R). Para este subgrupo, la TRG al erlotinib fue 85 por ciento y en cinco casos la SG superó los 16 meses. Conclusiones: los desenlaces de los pacientes con ADCP avanzado en Colombia son similares a los descritos en otros países de América Latina. En nuestra serie se identificaron seis pacientes con mutaciones del EGFR.