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Canine cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL) is an emerging zoonotic infection endemic in several countries of the world. Due to variable response to therapy and frequency of relapses, a more effective, safer, and inexpensive treatment is needed. Recently, it was reported that the hederagenin glucoside saponins (SS) and chromane-derived hydrazone (TC2) combined in a 1:1 ratio has high potential in antileishmanial therapy since both compounds alter the survival of Leishmania and the ability to infect adjacent macrophage. Not only the skin permeation and the absorption of an ointment containing 2% TC2 and 2% SS (w/w) was determined in this work, but also the acute dermal toxicity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Last, the effectiveness and safety of the topical therapy with 2% TC2-2% SS ointment was evaluated in an observational study in dogs with diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Both TC2 and SS diffused through pig ear skin and traces of TC2 (but not SS) were detected in the stratum corneum of mice at 6-24 h. Neither TC2 nor SS was detected in plasma. The acute dermal toxicity was negative. Treatment with 2% TC2-2% SS ointment produced a complete long-term clinical cure in 56 dogs (24 females and 32 males) from the Orinoco and Amazonas regions in southeastern Colombia without adverse effects. All dogs have remained disease-free for the last 24 months. In conclusion, these results support the use of this topical therapy as a safer and new first-line local treatment of CCL that could help limit the spread of CL from dogs to humans.

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El tumor glómico es una neoplasia vascular originada de las células del músculo liso del componente neuromioarterial, responsable del control del flujo sanguíneo microvascular. Representa el 1,6% de todos los tumores de tejidos blandos, localizándose principalmente en la zona subungüeal y clínicamente muy doloroso. Su diagnóstico puede ser tardío debido a su pequeño tamaño, manifestaciones clínicas inespecíficas y localizaciones anatómicas inusuales. El tratamiento principalmente es quirúrgico, el cual es curativo, permitiendo además la confirmación histopatológica. Se presenta el reporte de caso de una paciente de 13 años de edad con un tumor glómico de localización inusual en mucosa bucal.

The glomus tumor is a vascular neoplasm originating from smooth muscle cells of neuromyoarterial component, responsible for the control of microvascular blood flow. It represents 1.6% of all soft tissue tumors, being located mainly in the subungual area and clinically very painful. Diagnosis may be delayed because of their small size, nonspecific clinical manifestations and unusual anatomical locations. Treatment is primarily surgical, which is healing, also allowing the histopathologic confirmation. The case report of a 13-year-old patient with an unusual-located glomus tumor in the oral mucosa is presented.

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AIM: To identify predictors of seizure related injuries in adult patients with epilepsy in Colombia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Case-control study. Patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy aged 16 years and older who attended the Neurocentro epilepsy center between 2013-2016 and were attended by a specialist in epilepsy were included. Patients with seizure related injuries were defined as the case. The control group was conformed by those without seizure related injuries. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: A total of 101 (28.5%) patients were cases and 253 (71.5%) were controls. Patients with seizure related injuries were significantly younger than controls at the age of onset of epilepsy (9 vs 12 years; p = 0.017). The significant variables in the bivariate analysis were: some degree of cognitive impairment, drug resistant epilepsy, abnormal neurological examination, and seizures related with changes in the lunar phases. No protective factors were identified. In the multivariate analysis, two variables remained significant: drug resistant epilepsy and some degree of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Drug-resistant epilepsy and cognitive impairment were predictors of seizure related injuries in adult patients with epilepsy. Adequate pharmacological control of epileptic seizures and prevention recommendations may reduce the risk of seizure related injuries in these patients.

TITLE: Predictores de lesiones asociadas a crisis epilepticas en pacientes adultos con epilepsia en Colombia: estudio de casos y controles.Objetivo. Identificar los predictores de lesiones asociadas con crisis epilepticas en adultos con epilepsia en Colombia. Sujetos y metodos. Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyo a los pacientes con diagnostico de epilepsia mayores de 16 anos que fueron atendidos por una especialista en epilepsia que acudieron a Neurocentro en el periodo comprendido entre 2013 y 2016. Se definio como caso a los pacientes que habian presentado lesiones asociadas con crisis epilepticas, y como grupo control, a los que no las habian presentado. Se calcularon odds ratios e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se realizo una regresion logistica. Resultados. Se identificaron 101 (28,5%) casos y 253 (71,5%) controles. Los pacientes con lesiones asociadas con crisis epilepticas fueron significativamente mas jovenes que los controles a la edad de inicio de la epilepsia (9 frente a 12 anos; p = 0,017). Las variables significativas en el analisis bivariado fueron: algun grado de deterioro cognitivo, epilepsia resistente a medicamentos, examen neurologico anormal y crisis asociadas a cambios en las fases lunares. No se identificaron factores protectores. En el analisis multivariado, dos variables permanecieron significativas: epilepsia resistente a medicamentos y algun grado de deterioro cognitivo. Conclusion. Se observo que la epilepsia resistente a medicamentos y el deterioro cognitivo son predictores de lesiones asociadas con crisis epilepticas en pacientes adultos con epilepsia. Un adecuado control farmacologico de las crisis epilepticas y unas recomendaciones de prevencion pueden disminuir el riesgo de dichas lesiones en estos pacientes.

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The liver X receptor agonist, GW3965, improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models. Here, we determined if short-term GW3965 treatment induces changes in the DNA methylation state of the hippocampus, which are associated with cognitive improvement. Twenty-four-month-old triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice were treated with GW3965 (50 mg/kg/day for 6 days). DNA methylation state was examined by modified bisulfite conversion and hybridization on Illumina Infinium Methylation BeadChip 450 k arrays. The Morris water maze was used for behavioral analysis. Our results show in addition to improvement in cognition methylation changes in 39 of 13,715 interrogated probes in treated 3xTg-AD mice compared with untreated 3xTg-AD mice. These changes in methylation probes include 29 gene loci. Importantly, changes in methylation status were mainly from synapse-related genes (SYP, SYN1, and DLG3) and neurogenesis-associated genes (HMGB3 and RBBP7). Thus, our results indicate that liver X receptors (LXR) agonist treatment induces rapid changes in DNA methylation, particularly in loci associated with genes involved in neurogenesis and synaptic function. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism to explain the beneficial effect of GW3965.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el autoreporte de peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura, y comparar dicha percepción con los valores reales en estudiantes universitarios participantes de la Cohorte MESPYN, -Medellín, Salud Pública y Nutrición- de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) - Colombia. Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de la primera medición de la Cohorte MESPYN 2009-2010. La muestra incluyó estudiantes voluntarios de las diferentes áreas académicas. La autovaloración de peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura se registró antes de la toma de los datos reales. Se calcularon coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI) para todas las variables (α=0,05); la concordancia entre medidas reales y autoreferidas se valoró según el método de Bland y Altman. Se incluyeron 424 estudiantes voluntarios. El peso promedio real de hombres (kg) fue 67,4±10,4 y autoreportado: 67,0±11,0; en mujeres el valor real: 55,7±10,1 y autoreportado: 55,0±9,0. La estatura promedio real (m) en hombres fue 1,73±6,1 y autoreportada: 1,73±6,0; en mujeres el valor real: 1,60±5,9 y autoreportado: 1,61±6,0. En hombres el perímetro de cintura promedio real (cm) fue 76,6±8,0 y autoreportado: 75,0±14,0; en mujeres el valor real: 69,9±8,0 y autoreportado: 70,0±9,0. El CCI para peso: 0,956, IC95% (0,95; 0,97), (p<0,01); CCI para estatura: 0,953, IC95% (0,91; 0,97), (p<0,01) y CCI para perímetro de cintura: 0,593, IC95% (0,55; 0,65), (p<0,01). En conclusión, la evaluación nutricional antropométrica de estudiantes de la UdeA puede realizarse por datos autoreportados para peso y estatura, pero la evaluación de obesidad abdominal requiere la toma directa del perímetro de cintura.

Comparison of self-reported anthropometric variables and real measurement data . The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-reporting of weight, height, and waist circumference, and to compare that perception with the real measurements in college students of the MESPYN cohort -- Medellin, Salud Pública y Nutrición -- from the University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted starting with the first measurement of the MESPYN Cohort 2009-2010. The sample included volunteer students from different academic areas. Self-perception of weight, height, and waist circumference were recorded before the real measurements were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for all the variables, and an alpha of 0.05 was used. The concordance between real measurements and self-referred values was evaluated with the Bland and Altman method. 424 volunteer students were included. The average real weight (kg) in males was 67.4±10.4 and self-reported: 67.0±11.0; in females the real value was 55.7±10.1 and self-reported: 55.0±9.0. The average real height (m) in males was 1.73±6.1 and self-reported: 1.73±6.0; in females the real value was 1.60±5.9 and self-reported: 1.61±6.0. In males, the average real waist circumference (cm) was 76.6±8.0 and self-reported: 75.0±14.0; in females the real value was 69.9±8.0 and self-reported: 70.0±9.0. Weight ICC: 0.956, 95%CI (0.95; 0.97), (p<0.01); height ICC: 0.953, 95%IC (0.91; 0.97), (p<0.01), and waist circumference ICC: 0.593, 95%IC (0.55; 0.65), (p<0.01). In conclusion, anthropometric nutritional evaluation of UdeA students can be performed with self-reported data for weight and height, but the evaluation of abdominal obesity requires direct measurement of waist circumference.

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The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-reporting of weight, height, and waist circumference, and to compare that perception with the real measurements in college students of the MESPYN cohort--Medellin, Salud Pública y Nutrición--from the University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted starting with the first measurement of the MESPYN Cohort 2009-2010. The sample included volunteer students from different academic areas. Self-perception of weight, height, and waist circumference were recorded before the real measurements were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for all the variables, and an alpha of 0.05 was used. The concordance between real measurements and self-referred values was evaluated with the Bland and Altman method. 424 volunteer students were included. The average real weight (kg) in males was 67.4 +/- 10.4 and self-reported: 67.0 +/- 11.0; in females the real value was 55.7 +/- 10.1 and self-reported: 55.0 +/- 9.0. The average real height (m) in males was 1.73 +/- 6.1 and self-reported: 1.73 +/- 6.0; in females the real value was 1.60 +/- 5.9 and self-reported: 1.61 +/- 6.0. In males, the average real waist circumference (cm) was 76.6 +/- 8.0 and self-reported: 75.0 +/- 14.0; in females the real value was 69.9 +/- 8.0 and self-reported: 70.0 +/- 9.0. Weight ICC: 0.956, 95% CI (0.95; 0.97), (p < 0.01); height ICC: 0.953, 95%IC (0.91; 0.97), (p < 0.01), and waist circumference ICC: 0.593, 95% IC (0.55; 0.65), (p < 0.01). In conclusion, anthropometric nutritional evaluation of UdeA students can be performed with self-reported data for weight and height, but the evaluation of abdominal obesity requires direct measurement of waist circumference.

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This study focuses on gene expression during crucial biological phenomena of the dimorphic fungal human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the conidia-to-yeast (C-Y) transition and the conidia-to-mycelia (C-M) germination. We studied 10 genes involved in different cellular functions: oxidative stress response (alternative oxidase (AOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), flavodoxin, conserved hypothetical protein (Y20)); cell metabolism (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), cholestenol Delta-isomerase (ChDI), glycine dehydrogenase (GDh)) and heat shock response (Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90)), and cell synthesis and wall structure (glucan synthase-1 (GS-1), α-1,3-glucan synthase (αGS), and mannosyltransferase (MT)). Gene expression was measured during the first 72 h and 96 h of C-Y and C-M, respectively, previously shown to be a fundamental time frame for the consolidation of these cellular processes. The gene expression of AOX, GAPDH, HSP90, MT, αGS, and GDh was significantly increased during the C-Y transition, while SOD, ChDI, GAPDH, MT, GDh, and GS-1 were increased during C-M germination. Additionally, some were highly expressed in each process: AOX, HSP90, and αGS during C-Y; SOD, ChDI, and GS-1 during C-M. Altogether, these data add new information regarding gene expression during the C-Y and C-M processes. Future research will be targeted to further characterize the true relevance of the studied genes during the morphological transition, either during adaptation to the environment or to the infected host.

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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been classified in the phylum Ascomycota, order Onygenales, family Ajellomycetaceae, even in the absence of a known sexual cycle or mating system. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of the mating type locus in 71 P. brasiliensis isolates from various sources. A PCR assay using specific primers for the MAT 1 gene was developed and applied for the detection of such genes. Two heterothallic groups (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2) were recognized and, in some isolates, gene expression was confirmed indicating the existence of a basal gene expression. The distribution of two mating type loci in the studied population suggested that sexual reproduction might occur in P. brasiliensis. This finding points towards the possibility of applying a more precise definition of the concept of biological species to P. brasiliensis. Further studies should be conducted to confirm the sexual capacity of this fungus and its implications among phylogenetic species and geographical distribution.

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Cannabinoids have been shown to function as protective agents via receptor-independent and/or receptor-dependent mechanisms against stressful conditions. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of cannabinoids is far from conclusive. Therefore, the genuine antioxidant impact of cannabinoids in vivo is still uncertain. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that CP55,940, a nonselective CB(1)/CB(2) cannabinoid receptor agonist, significantly protects and rescues Drosophila melanogaster against paraquat (PQ) toxicity via a receptor-independent mechanism. Interestingly, CP55,940 restores the negative geotaxis activity (i.e., climbing capability) of the fly exposed to PQ. Moreover, Drosophila fed with (1-200 microM) SP600125, a specific inhibitor of the stress responsive Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and 20 mM PQ increased survival percentage and movement function (i.e., climbing capability) when compared to flies only treated with PQ. Taken together our results suggest that exogenous antioxidant cannabinoids can protect against and rescue from locomotor dysfunction in wild type (Canton-S) Drosophila exposed to stress stimuli. Therefore, cannabinoids may offer promising avenues for the design of molecules to prevent, delay, or ameliorate the treatment of population at high risk of suffering Parkinson disease.

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Introducción: las instituciones prestadoras de servicios odontológicos incorporan cada vez más la evaluación de la satisfacción del usuario como componente de la calidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Antioquia, sede Medellín, con los servicios odontológicos prestados por la Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (IPS) de la misma Universidad, desde la perspectiva del usuario y el profesional que brinda atención. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo por medio de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas como una encuesta realizada en 98 estudiantes sobre aspectos tales como el trato del personal, la eficacia en la atención recibida, información, accesibilidad, oportunidad, seguridad, opinión sobre las instalaciones, satisfacción global; y se complementó con entrevistas semiestructuradas a los profesionales y a los mismos estudiantes. Resultados: se encontró una alta satisfacción global (95,9 porciento), acompañada de elementos que resaltan la confianza técnica y profesional del personal odontológico y de la institución en sí (promedios en las variables estudiadas por encima de 7 y porcentajes de alta satisfacción por encima del 50 porciento); con algunos elementos críticos en la atención que deben mejorarse como la privacidad y la oportunidad en el servicio. Conclusiones: la satisfacción del usuario es alta en comparación con otros estudios locales, y depende de factores como el sexo, la edad, el estrato socioeconómico, la institución y la relación profesional-paciente. Se sugiere avanzar en la construcción de propuestas investigativas en el componente satisfacción del usuario en otras instituciones y en la construcción de escalas de satisfacción del usuario ante los servicios de atención en salud bucal con validación de constructo para ser utilizadas en el medio.

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