RESUMO
Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound widely found in coffee beans with known beneficial effects in vivo. Many studies showed that CA has anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties, which could be linked to its antioxidant activity. Taking in consideration the reported in vitro antioxidant mechanism of other polyphenols, our working hypothesis was that the CA antioxidant activity could be related to its metal-chelating property. With that in mind, we sought to investigate the chemical antioxidant mechanism of CA against in vitro iron-induced oxidative damage under different assay conditions. CA was able to prevent hydroxyl radical formation promoted by the classical Fenton reaction, as determined by 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) oxidative degradation and DMPO hydroxylation. In addition to its ability to prevent hydroxyl radical formation, CA had a great inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation. In the lipid peroxidation assays CA acted as both metal-chelator and as hydrogen donor, preventing the deleterious action promoted by lipid-derived peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals. Our results indicate that the observed antioxidant effects were mostly due to the formation of iron-CA complexes, which are able to prevent 2-DR oxidation and DMPO hydroxylation. Noteworthy, the formation of iron-CA complexes and prevention of oxidative damage was directly related to the pH of the medium, showing better antioxidant activity at higher pH values. Moreover, in the presence of lipid membranes the antioxidant potency of CA was much higher, indicating its enhanced effectiveness in a hydrophobic environment. Overall, our results show that CA acts as an antioxidant through an iron chelating mechanism, preventing the formation of free hydroxyl radicals and, therefore, inhibiting Fenton-induced oxidative damage. The chemical properties of CA described here--in association with its reported signaling effects--could be an explanation to its beneficial effects observed in vivo.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Radicais Livres/química , Ferro/química , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Desoxirribose/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Radical Hidroxila/química , Quelantes de Ferro/química , Compostos de Ferro/química , Masculino , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Peroxiredoxins are receiving increasing attention as defenders against oxidative damage and sensors of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of one or more isoforms of the peroxiredoxins is not lethal but compromises genome stability by mechanisms that remain under scrutiny. Here, we show that cytosolic peroxiredoxin-null cells (tsa1Deltatsa2Delta) are more resistant to hydrogen peroxide than wild-type (WT) cells and consume it faster under fermentative conditions. Also, tsa1Deltatsa2Delta cells produced higher yields of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical from oxidation of the glucose metabolite ethanol, as proved by spin-trapping experiments. A major role for Fenton chemistry in radical formation was excluded by comparing WT and tsa1Deltatsa2Delta cells with respect to their levels of total and chelatable metal ions and of radical produced in the presence of chelators. The main route for 1-hydroxyethyl radical formation was ascribed to the peroxidase activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Sod1), whose expression and activity increased approximately 5- and 2-fold, respectively, in tsa1Deltatsa2Delta compared with WT cells. Accordingly, overexpression of human Sod1 in WT yeasts led to increased 1-hydroxyethyl radical production. Relevantly, tsa1Deltatsa2Delta cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide contained higher levels of DNA-derived radicals and adducts as monitored by immuno-spin trapping and incorporation of (14)C from glucose into DNA, respectively. The results indicate that part of hydrogen peroxide consumption by tsa1Deltatsa2Delta cells is mediated by induced Sod1, which oxidizes ethanol to the 1-hydroxyethyl radical, which, in turn, leads to increased DNA damage. Overall, our studies provide a pathway to account for the hypermutability of peroxiredoxin-null strains.
Assuntos
DNA/metabolismo , Etanol/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Peroxirredoxinas/fisiologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/análise , Dano ao DNA , Instabilidade Genômica , Humanos , Ferro/análise , Camundongos , Oxirredução , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efeitos dos fármacos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espectrofotometria Atômica , Superóxido Dismutase-1 , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
In(III)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (InTPP) was encapsulated into nanoparticles (smaller than 200 nm) of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) using the emulsification-evaporation technique. The photodynamic efficacy of InTPP-loaded nanoparticles and its cellular uptake was investigated with LNCaP prostate tumour cells, in comparison with the free InTPP. The effects of incubation time (1-3h), drug concentration (1.8-7.7 micromol/L) and incident light dose (15-45 J/cm(2)) with both encapsulated and free InTPP were studied. The type of cell death induced by the photochemical process using both encapsulated and free InTPP was also investigated. Cell viability was reduced more significantly with increasing values of these effects for InTPP-loaded nanoparticles than with the free drug. The cellular death induced by both encapsulated and free InTPP was preponderantly apoptotic. Confocal laser scanning microscopy data showed that the InTPP-loaded nanoparticles, as well free InTPP, were localized in the cells, and always in the perinuclear region. Encapsulated InTPP was measured by the intensity of fluorescence intensity of cell extracts and was three times more internalized into the cells than was the free InTPP. Electron paramagnetic resonance experiments corroborated the participation of singlet oxygen in the photocytotoxic effect of nanoparticles loaded with InTPP.
Assuntos
Metaloporfirinas/química , Metaloporfirinas/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Fotoquimioterapia , Poliglactina 910/química , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/efeitos da radiação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Dimetil Sulfóxido/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Fluorescência , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Espaço Intracelular/metabolismo , Luz , Masculino , Metaloporfirinas/metabolismo , Metaloporfirinas/uso terapêutico , Tamanho da Partícula , Fotodegradação , Processos Fotoquímicos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/metabolismo , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Poliglactina 910/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Oxigênio Singlete/metabolismo , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
Peroxiredoxins are receiving increasing attention as defenders against oxidative damage and sensors of hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling events. Likely to be critical for both functions is a rapid reaction with hydrogen peroxide, typically with second-order rate constants higher than 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). Until recently, however, the values reported for these rate constants have been in the range of 10(4)-10(5) M(-1) s(-1), including those for cytosolic thioredoxin peroxidases I (Tsa1) and II (Tsa2) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To resolve this apparent paradox, we developed a competitive kinetic approach with horseradish peroxidase to determine the second-order rate constant of the reaction of peroxiredoxins with peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide. This method was validated and allowed for the determination of the second-order rate constant of the reaction of Tsa1 and Tsa2 with peroxynitrite (k approximately 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) and hydrogen peroxide (k approximately 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) at pH 7.4, 25 degrees C. It also permitted the determination of the pKa of the peroxidatic cysteine of Tsa1 and Tsa2 (Cys47) as 5.4 and 6.3, respectively. In addition to providing a useful method for studying thiol protein kinetics, our studies add to recent reports challenging the popular belief that peroxiredoxins are poor enzymes toward hydrogen peroxide, as compared with heme and selenium proteins.
Assuntos
Peroxidase do Rábano Silvestre/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Peroxidases/química , Ácido Peroxinitroso/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cisteína/química , Cinética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peroxirredoxinas , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The reaction of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with hydrogen peroxide is known to generate stoichiometric amounts of singlet molecular oxygen [O2 (1Deltag)]. This study shows that HOCl can also react with linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH), generating O2 (1Deltag) with a yield of 13 +/- 2% at physiological pH. Characteristic light emission at 1,270 nm, corresponding to O2 (1Deltag) monomolecular decay, was observed when HOCl was reacted with LAOOH or with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides, but not with cumene hydroperoxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The generation of O2 (1Deltag) was confirmed by the acquisition of the spectrum of the light emitted in the near-infrared region showing a band with maximum intensity at 1,270 nm and by the observation of the enhancing effect of deuterium oxide and the quenching effect of sodium azide. Mechanistic studies using 18O-labeled linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LA18O18OH) showed that its reaction with HOCl yields 18O-labeled O2 (1Deltag) [18O2 (1Deltag)], demonstrating that the oxygen atoms in O2 (1Deltag) are derived from the hydroperoxide group. Direct analysis of radical intermediates in the reaction of LAOOH with HOCl by continuous-flow electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a doublet signal with a g-value of 2.014 and a hyperfine coupling constant from the alpha-hydrogen of a(H) = 4.3 G, indicating the formation of peroxyl radicals. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that HOCl reacts with biologically relevant lipid hydroperoxides, generating O2 (1Deltag). In addition, the detection of 18O2 (1Deltag) and peroxyl radicals strongly supports the involvement of a Russell mechanism in the generation of O2 (1Deltag).