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The Purpose in Life Test (PIL) is a measure of purpose in life widely used in many cultures and countries; however, cross-cultural assessments are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the PIL in the general population of seven Latin American countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay). A total of 4306 people participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, where Uruguay has the highest mean age (M = 41.8; SD = 16.6 years); while Ecuador has the lowest mean age (M = 24.6; SD = 7.8 years). Furthermore, in each country, there is a higher proportion of women (>60%) than men (<40%). Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the factorial structure does not show evidence of invariance among the included countries. However, based on the Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, there is evidence that a three-dimensional structure of the PIL (Meaning of existence, Freedom to make meaning in daily life and Will to find meaning in the face of future challenges) is the same in the participating countries. Results based on item response theory indicate that most PIL items can significantly differentiate responses according to the level of life purpose. In addition, people with low life purpose will tend to choose the lower response alternatives on the PIL; while people with higher life purpose will choose higher response alternatives. The findings indicate that the PIL has the potential to increase knowledge about how people conceive and experience their purpose in life in different countries.

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Abstract Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the physical and mental health of the population in general, in addition, during the quarantine, online intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, which increases the probability of psychopathological symptoms, with alterations in emotional and affective states. Objective: The purpose this study was examine the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and online intimate partner violence behaviours during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: The design was correlational cross-sectional comparative, the sample nonprobability with the participation of 588 people of between 18 and 46 years of age. Symptom ChecklistSCL-36, Cyber dating abuse questionnaire and Sociodemographic questionnaire Results: Out of the total, 60 % reported having perpetrated a controlling behaviour and 54,3 % claimed to have been a victim of online abuse in your relationship, during the quarantine. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between cyber abuse, for both victimization and perpetration, and the psychopathological Symptomsby the Symptom Check List-36. A positive and significant relationship was also found between some symptoms assessed by the Symptom Check List-36 and sleep quality, cigarette consumption, and the intake of alcoholic and energising beverages during the quarantine. These results show that mental health may be affected by the confinement during the pandemic. Moreover, during the quarantine, intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, altering the emotional and affective state of individuals, with the appearance of symptoms of psychological disorders. Conclusions: Therefore, future investigations should be geared towards intervention programmes to reduce the psychological impact on the people affected.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por Covid-19 afecta la salud física y mental de la población en general, además, durante el tiempo de cuarentena se puede presentar violencia online de pareja, lo que aumenta la probabilidad que se presenten síntomas psicopatológicos, con alteraciones en los estados emocionales y afectivos. Objetivo: Por lo tanto, este estudio examinó la relación entre los síntomas psicopatológicos y comportamientos de violencia online de pareja durante Pandemia de covid-19. Método: El diseño fue correlacional comparativo transversal y la muestra no probabilística con la participación de 588 personas (18 y 46 años); los instrumentos que se emplearon en esta investigación fueron el cuestionario SCL-36, Escala de abuso online en relaciones y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Resultados: El 60 % informó haber utilizado conductas de control y el 54,3 % refirieron haber sido víctima de abuso online en su relación en el tiempo de cuarentena. Se encontró que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre las conductas de violencia online tanto para la victimización y perpetración, con los síntomas psicopatológicos que evalúa SCL-36. También se encontró una relación significativa y positiva con algunos síntomas que evalúa el SCL-36 y la calidad del sueño, consumo de cigarrillo, ingesta de bebidas embriagantes y energizantes en el tiempo de cuarentena. Conclusiones: Estos resultados muestran que pueden aparecer síntomas psicopatológicos por el confinamiento durante la pandemia; además, que durante la cuarentena se pueden presentar conductas de violencia online en la pareja alterando el estado emocional y afectivo con la aparición de síntomas de trastornos psicológicos, por lo tanto, las futuras investigaciones deben dirigirse a programas de intervención para disminuir el impacto psicológico en las personas afectadas.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and frequency of perpetration and victimization of different types of dating violence (DV), among adolescents from 13 to 19 years old in five capital cities of Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja, and Yopal), making comparisons by sex. The Spanish version of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory was used and various statistical analyses, including the one-way MANOVA, were performed. The results show a high prevalence of DV, particularly verbal/emotional and bi-directional (almost 90 % of the participants), pointing out that sex could have a statistically significant effect on the prevalence of the different types of DV, being higher the proportion of men who perpetrated sexual violence and higher the proportion of women who perpetrated verbal/emotional and physical violence. These results indicate the need to continue investigating the phenomenon in Colombia, to carry out different prevention campaigns that are sensitive to differences by sex in prevalence.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la perpetración y la victimización de diferentes tipos de violencia en el noviazgo (VN), entre adolescentes de 13 a 19 anos de cinco ciudades capitales de Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja y Yopal), efec-tuándose comparaciones por sexo. Se utilizò la versión en espanol del Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, implementándose varios análisis estadísticos, incluyendo el MANOVA unidireccional. Los resultados evidencian una alta prevalencia de VN, particularmente verbal/ emocional y bi-direccional (casi el 90 % de los participantes), senalando que el sexo podría tener un efecto estadísticamente significativo en las prevalencias de los diferentes tipos de VN, siendo mayor la proporciòn de hombres que ejercieron violencia sexual y mayor el de mujeres que ejercieron violencia verbal/emocional y física. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de seguir investigando el fenòmeno en Colombia, para así adelantar diferentes campanas de prevenciòn que sean sensibles a las diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias.

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The objective was to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in 7 Latin American countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay). The participants were 2944 people, selected through non-probability sampling for convenience, where the majority were women. Data collection occurred between 12 June and 14 September 2020. The results indicated that the model with two related factors presents a better fit to the data and has partial scalar invariance among the 7 countries. Differences in emotional and physiological reactions were observed between the countries.

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Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Los estudios realizados en algunos países, incluyendo a Colombia, indican altas prevalencias de ciberviolencia en el noviazgo. Sin embargo, en dicho país no se cuenta con instrumentos validados para medir esta forma de violencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad y la validez de la Escala de Abuso Online en Relaciones de Noviazgo. Método: Participaron 2023 estudiantes de colegio y universitarios (53% mujeres), entre 13 y 40 años. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio demostró la conveniencia de conservar la estructura original de 20 ítems de las dos escalas del instrumento (perpetración y victimización) y las dos subescalas de cada una ("agresiones directas" y "monitoreo/control"), estructura que fue ratificada por el análisis factorial confirmatorio con índices adecuados de ajuste. Además, las cuatro subescalas correlacionaron significativamente entre sí y con las escalas de la Lista de Chequeo de Experiencias de Maltrato Psicológico en la Pareja. Los índices alfa oscilaron entre .75 y .87. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que el instrumento presenta unas propiedades psicométricas que avalan su uso con adolescentes y adultos jóvenes colombianos.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Studies carried out in some countries, including Colombia, indicate high prevalences of cyber dating abuse. However, in that country there are no validated instruments to measure this form of violence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire. Method: The participants were 2023 college and university students (53% female), 13-40 years aged. Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed the convenience of preserving the original structure of 20 items on the two scales of the instrument (perpetration and victimization) and the two subscales of each ("direct aggression" and "monitoring/control"). This structure was ratified by confirmatory factor analysis with adequate adjustment indices. In addition, the four subscales correlated significantly with each other and with the scales of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse in the Couple. Alpha indices ranged from .75 to .87. Conclusions: These results indicate that the instrument has psychometric properties that ensure its use with Colombian adolescents and young adults.

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Abstract This descriptive-comparative study had the aim of examining if there were differences between sexes with respect to a number of psychopathological variables and other issues among adolescents who are victims of dating violence. There were 757 participants, adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age; 59% were female (and 41% male), from 15 different secondary education institutions in two intermediate-sized cities in Colombia. The following instruments were used: the Spanish version of Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents -self-report version- (BASC-S3), the Symptoms Checklist SCL-90-R and a self-report, psychological variable questionnaire. The boys surveyed reported having received more relational and physical aggression. However, the girls demonstrated a significantly higher frequency in terms of psychopathological symptoms, more severe clinical and personal maladjustment, and bad relationships with peers and relatives. This indicates that the girls who are victims of these forms of violence suffer more difficulties, an aspect that should be taken into consideration in the prevention and intervention campaigns related with this issue.

Resumen Este estudio descriptivo comparativo tuvo como objetivo examinar si existían diferencias por sexo con respecto a un conjunto de variables psicopatológicas y otras dificultades, entre adolescentes víctimas de violencia en el noviazgo (VN). Participaron 757 adolescentes entre 12 y 19 años de edad, el 59% mujeres, vinculados a 15 instituciones de educación media de dos ciudades intermedias de Colombia. Se utilizó la versión española del Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), el Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes -versión de auto informe- (BASC-S3), la Lista de Síntomas SCL-90-R y un cuestionario de auto-informe de variables psicológicas. Los varones reportaron haber recibido una frecuencia mayor de malos tratos de tipo relacional y físico. Sin embargo, las mujeres evidenciaron una frecuencia significativamente mayor de síntomas psicopatológicos, un mayor desajuste clínico y personal, y malas relaciones con pares y familiares, lo cual indica que las mujeres víctimas de esta forma de violencia presentan más dificultades, aspecto que debería ser considerado en las campañas prevención e intervención de esta problemática.

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In Ibero-America, interest in the evaluation and prevention of violence in young couples has been increasing. However, there are not enough Spanish-speaking standardized questionnaires. The psychometric analyses of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse to the Couple (CEPA) are presented as a subset of the Checklist of Experiences of Abuse to the Couple. Overall, 1,505 adolescents participated; 828 were women, and 677 were men, aged 14 to 21 years old. A confirmatory factor analysis with the Structural Equation Modeling Software version 6.2 (EQS) was performed to consider different factor models that were consistent with theoretical and empirical aspects about violence in young couples. A structure was obtained with one factor of higher order, "Psychological Aggression" (14 items), and the following three primary factors: (a) "Coercion" (four items), (b) "Humiliation" (five items), and (c) "Control" (five items); Cronbach's alpha ranged from .71 to .83. The overall scale and the three subscales correlated significantly with each other and with negative personality traits associated with gender. The results indicate that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for use in clinical practice and research.

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Abstract The specialized literature does not report the design and evaluation of intervention alternatives for adolescents and young adults involved in acts of dating violence, a problem that reaches high prevalence rates. This study aimed to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a program for young unmarried couples who have experienced violence, using a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and intact groups (experimental and control), in which 12 heterosexual couples of young people participated, all of them between 17 and 26 years-old, linked through a call made by different media in their city of residence, six assigned to the experimental group and six to the control group. The program is developed in 10 sessions, in addition a follow-up, including psychoeducation about dating violence, beliefs and expectations about the relationship, communication skills, empathy, anger management and management of jealousy. The results showed statistically significant decreases at post-treatment level in the experimental group compared with the control group, in attitudes in favor of intimate violence, submissive communication and frequency of abuse, as well as an increase in assertive communication, changes that were maintained a month after the intervention ended. These results support the effectiveness of the program.

Resumen En la literatura especializada no se reporta el diseño ni la evaluación de alternativas de intervención para adolescentes y adultos jóvenes involucrados en actos de violencia en el noviazgo, una problemática que alcanza una alta prevalencia en la actualidad. Por tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo implementar y evaluar la efectividad de un programa para parejas jóvenes no casadas que han vivenciado malos tratos, mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental con prueba-posprueba y grupos intactos -experimental y control-. En total, participaron 12 parejas heterosexuales de adolescentes y jóvenes entre los 17 y 26 años, vinculadas mediante una convocatoria realizada por diferentes medios en su ciudad de residencia, seis asignadas al grupo experimental y seis al grupo control. El programa se desarrolló en 10 sesiones, más una de seguimiento, e incluyó psicoeducación sobre la violencia en el noviazgo, creencias y expectativas sobre la relación de pareja, habilidades de comunicación, empatía, manejo de la ira y manejo de los celos. Los resultados evidenciaron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas a nivel de postratamiento en el grupo experimental -en comparación con el grupo control- en actitudes a favor de la violencia íntima, comunicación sumisa y frecuencia de los malos tratos, así como un incremento en la comunicación asertiva, cambios que se mantuvieron al mes de finalizada la intervención. Estos resultados respaldan la efectividad del programa.

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Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Investigación (EACIN) en una muestra de estudiantes, docentes y directivos colombianos, el principal resultado fue una versión revisada de la misma (EACIN-R). Participaron 427 personas (261 mujeres y 166 hombres), entre 16 y 56 años de edad (X=25,79 años, DX=8,46 años). El instrumento había sido validado previamente en su contenido por ocho jueces y obtenido un alfa de Cronbrach de 0,85. Para la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas se utilizó el análisis paralelo de Horn que permitió identificar tres factores que incluyen 28 ítems agrupados en las siguientes sub-escalas conforme al contenido de sus ítems: (a) desinterés por la investigación (α=0,87); (b) vocación por la investigación (α=0,87) y (c) valoración de la investigación (α=0,77). El alfa de Cronbrach total fue de 0,87, que evidencia un buen nivel de consistencia interna. Se recomienda continuar estudiando las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, particularmente su estabilidad y su validez de criterio, para posteriormente obtener baremos teniendo en cuenta variables como el sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Escala de Actitudes Hacia la Investigación (Attitudes Towards Research Scale) in a sample of Colombian students, teachers and managers, which resulted in a revised version of the scale (EACIN-R). The sample consisted of 427 persons (261 women and 166 men), aged between 15 and 65 (X=25.79 years, DX=8.46 years). The instrument was validated previously in its content by eight judges (α=.85). Horn's parallel analysis was used to identify three factors which included 28 items grouped in the following subscales according to the content of their items: (a) disinterest in research (α=.87); (b) vocation for research (α=.87), and (c) research valuation (α=.77). Total alpha was .87, which shows a good level of internal consistency. It is suggested further study about the psychometric properties of the instrument, particularly its stability and criterion validity, in order to obtain subsequently normalized scores having account variables as sex, age and education level.

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Resumen Se examinaron las diferencias existentes en las conductas de maltrato ejercidas en el noviazgo en adolescentes de un área rural y urbana del municipio de Tunja (Colombia), mediante un diseño trasversal descriptivo-comparativo, en el que participaron 119 mujeres y 113 varones de 13 a 19 años de dos colegios públicos, uno urbano (n=152) y otro rural (n=80). Para ello se utilizó una lista de chequeo de experiencias de maltrato de pareja. Los resultados señalan que aproximadamente la mitad ejecutó al menos una conducta de este tipo, tanto en la zona urbana como rural, aunque la frecuencia de comportamientos de maltrato fue significativamente mayor entre los(as) del área urbana, a nivel general y en los tipos de maltrato psicológico, emocional y físico. Estos resultados señalan que estas conductas podrían ser más frecuentes entre los adolescentes de áreas urbanas, aunque se requiere más investigación y atención sobre este fenómeno en zonas rurales.

Abstract We examined the differences in dating violence in adolescents in a rural and urban area of the municipality of Tunja (Colombia), through a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional design, in which 119 women and 113 men participated, aged 13 to 19 years of two public schools, one urban (n=152) and one rural (n=80). For this, a checklist of partner abuse experiences was used. The results indicate that approximately half performed at least one behavior of this type, both in the urban and rural areas, although the frequency of maltreatment behaviors was significantly higher among those in the urban area, in general, and in the types of psychological, emotional and physical abuse. These results indicate that these behaviors may be more frequent among adolescents in urban areas, although more research and attention is required to focus on rural areas.