RESUMO
Background: Indigenous individuals have higher rates of mortality and poverty in Mexico and more than half are marginalised, and COVID-19 pandemic aggravated the existing burden of health disparities. We aimed to analyse the effects of being indigenous and marginalised on coronavirus (COVID-19) infection fatality in Mexico. Methods: We identified 3 424 690 non-pregnant, COVID-19 positive adults ≥19 years in the Mexico national COVID-19 database with known date of symptom. We used demographic information, indigenous status, marginalisation status, and co-morbidities in binary logistic regression to predict mortality, adjusting for covariates, including hospitalisation, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and mechanical ventilation use. We also assessed the interaction between indigenous status and marginalisation. Results: Marginalisation was much higher among indigenous (53.7%) compared to non-indigenous individuals (4.8%). COVID-19 fatalities were approximately 20 years older (64.4 and 63.0 years) than survivors (44.7 and 41.2 years) among indigenous vs non-indigenous individuals, respectively. The unadjusted risk of COVID-19 fatality among indigenous individuals was nearly two-fold (odds ratio (OR) = 1.92)) compared to non-indigenous individuals (OR = 1.05). COVID-19 fatality was higher among highly marginalised individuals (upper quartile) (OR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49-1.54). Marginalised indigenous individuals had a significantly lower likelihood of ICU admission compared to non-indigenous non-marginalised individuals. The likelihood of mechanical ventilation for indigenous individuals was 4% higher compared to non-indigenous individuals. Indigenous marginalised individuals had a significantly lower probability of mechanical ventilation compared to non-indigenous non-marginalised individuals. COVID-19 comorbidity risks of fatality significantly differed between the two groups in the Cox survival analysis. In the fully adjusted model, indigenous individuals were 4% more likely to die from COVID-19 compared to non-indigenous. Conclusions: Indigenous, marginalised individuals with COVID-19 had higher risk of hospitalisation and ICU admission than non-indigenous patients. Marginalised, indigenous individuals were less likely to receive mechanical ventilation compared to non-indigenous, but had a higher risk of COVID-19. Indigenous individuals had a 4% higher COVID-19 mortality risk COVID-19 compared to non-indigenous individuals. Improved community medical care and augmented health services in rural hospitals could mitigate barriers to health care access in indigenous, marginalised populations.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Humanos , Adulto , SARS-CoV-2 , México/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Cancer is a significant medical issue, being one of the main causes of mortality around the world. The therapies for this pathology depend on the stage in which the cancer is found, but it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage in which the treatment is chemotherapy. Platinum drugs are among the most commonly used in therapy, unfortunately, one of the main obstacles to this treatment is the development of chemoresistance, which is the ability of cancer cells to evade the effects of drugs. Although some molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to platinum drugs are described, elucidation is still required of others. Secretion of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, by tumor microenvironment components or tumor cells, show direct influence on proliferation, metastasis and progression of cancer and are related to chemoresistance and poor prognosis. In this review, the general mechanisms associated with resistance to platinum drugs, inflammation on cancer development and chemoresistance in various types of cancer will be approached with special emphasis on the current history of CC chemokines subfamily-mediated chemoresistance.
Assuntos
Quimiocinas CC/imunologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Platina/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células , Quimiocinas CC/classificação , Humanos , Inflamação/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Current diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease relies on serologic detection of specific immunoglobulin G against Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the presence of parasites detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients without positive conventional serologic testing has been observed. We determined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of persons with seronegative results and T. cruzi DNA detected by PCR in a population at high risk for chronic American trypanosomiasis. We studied a total of 194 persons from two different populations: 110 patients were recruited from an urban cardiology clinic, and 84 persons were citizens from a highly disease-endemic area. Eighty (41%) of persons had negative serologic findings; 12 (15%) had a positive PCR. Three patients with negative serologic findings and positive PCR results had clinical signs and symptoms that suggested Chagas cardiomyopathy. This finding challenges the current recommendations for Chagas disease diagnosis, therapy, and blood transfusion policies.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Testes de Inibição da Hemaglutinação , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , População Rural , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , População UrbanaRESUMO
El grupo de soporte nutricional neonatal del Instituto Materno Infantil ha elaborado las guías sobre valoración nutricional, nutrición enteral y nutrición parenteral mediante un proceso teórico-práctico que incluyó: o La capacitación científica en nutrición y metabolismo neonatal, mediante la revisión y discusión de la bibliografía actual especializada en el tema. o La recolección de la información acerca de la experiencia institucional de nutricionistas, neonatólogos, pediatras, cirujanos pediatras y enfermeras que han trabajado en los últimos 15 años en el manejo de la nutrición parenteral en neonatos. o El diseño e implementación de un programa de computador para el cálculo de mezclas de nutrición parenteral exclusivo para neonatos. o El montaje de la Unidad de Preparación de Mezclas de Nutrición Parenteral con un sistema computarizado bajo estrictas medidas de asepsia y antisepsia, para garantizar mezclas de excelente calidad, estabilidad, compatibilidad, esterilidad y con protocolos establecidos a cargo de profesionales Idóneos en esta área. El establecimiento de protocolos de cateterización venosa y la colaboración en el entrenamiento técnico por parte de profesionales de diferentes disciplinas del área de Neonatología para facilitar y prevenir complicaciones en la administración de la nutrición parenteral. La divulgación permanente en los diferentes servicios a través de la revista Médica de los aspectos relacionados con la valoración nutricional y el soporte nutricional con el objeto de orientar la formulación individualizada que permita optimizar este recurso. El decisivo apoyo de la Dirección Científica, la Dirección Administrativa y los Departamentos de Nutrición, Enfermería, Farmacia, Pediatría, Neonatología y Cirugía Pediátrica