RESUMO

The genus Sadala Simon, 1880 is revalidated to include the here designated type species, S. keyserlingi Simon, 1880, as well as S. nigristernis Simon, 1880, S. punicea Simon, 1880, S. rufa (Keyserling, 1880) and S. velox Simon, 1880, all comb. rest. The males of S. punicea and S. rufa and four new species are described: S. kaiabi spec. nov. (), from Brazil, S. nanay spec. nov. () and S. yuyapichis spec. nov. () from Peru, and S. tabatinga spec. nov. () from Brazil and Colombia. The genus Meri gen. nov. is described to include the type species, M. pictitarsis (Simon, 1880), as well as M. mathani (Simon, 1880), M. formosus (Banks, 1929), M. santivincenti (Simon, 1898), and M. trinitatis (Strand, 1916), all comb. nov. transferred here from the genus Olios Walckenaer, 1837. The male of M. trinitatis comb. nov. and twenty new species are described: M. abuna spec. nov. (), from Ecuador, Brazil and Peru; M. aparia spec. nov. (), from Peru, M. arraijan spec. nov. () from Panama and Colombia; M. carabobo spec. nov. (), M. guri spec. nov. (), M. yaciba spec. nov. (), from Venezuela; M. conduri spec. nov. (), M. manaos spec. nov. (), M. munduruku spec. nov. (), M. paiaia spec. nov. (), M. quinari spec. nov. (), M. rivai spec. nov. (), M. tambor spec. nov. (), M. tapirapeco spec. nov. (), from Brazil; M. jaraua spec. nov. (), from Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil; M. kaieteur spec. nov. () from Venezuela and Guyana; M. martinique spec. nov. (), from Martinique, Guadelupe and Dominica; M. tumatumari spec. nov. () from Guyana, M. vanini spec. nov. from Brazil and Peru; and M. zeteki spec. nov. () from Panama. Olios orchiticus Mello-Leito, 1930 is considered a junior synonym of M. trinitatis comb. nov. Both genera and species are described and illustrated. Identification keys and updated distribution maps are provided.

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RESUMO

In this paper, I revisit the genus Extraordinarius Rheims. I describe the female of E. klausmeinei Rheims and two new species: E. alicecooperi spec. nov. (♂♀) from Espírito Santo and E. angusyoungi spec. nov. (♀) from Rio de Janeiro, all in southeastern Brazil. In addition, I include an identification key for all species of the genus, a new record for E. brucedickinsoni Rheims and an updated distribution map for the genus.

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The Neotropical genera Guadana Rheims, 2010a and Sparianthina Banks, 1929 are revised. Based on re-interpreted and newly observed characters, updated diagnoses are given for each genus. Eight new species are described, six in Guadana: G. alpahuayo sp. n. (♂♀) and G. ucayali sp. n. (♂), from Peru; G. amendoim sp. n. (♀), G. mapia sp. n. and G. muirpinima sp. n. (♀), from Brazil; G. arawak sp. n. (♂), from French Guiana, and two in Sparianthina: S. boyaca sp. n. (♀) from Colombia and S. soca sp. n. from Trinidad Tobago. Sparianthina rufescens (Mello-Leito, 1940) is considered incertae sedis. All new species are illustrated and photographed. Identification keys for both genera including comparative detailed illustrations of male and female characters, as well as updated distribution maps for all known species are provided.

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The genus Sparianthis Simon is revised. Pseudosparianthis Simon and Sampaiosia Mello-Leitão are considered junior synonyms of Sparianthis and thus, seven new combinations are proposed: S. accentuata (Caporiacco) comb. nov., S. chickeringi (Gerstch) comb. nov., S. fusca (Simon) comb. nov., S. megalopalpa (Caporiacco) comb. nov., S. picta (Simon) comb. nov. and S. ravida (Simon) comb. nov. are transferred from Pseudosparianthis and S. crulsi (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov. from Sampaiosia. Two additional new combinations are proposed: Decaphora ambigua (Caporiacco) comb. nov. and Uaiuara jayuyae (Petrunkevitch) comb. nov. are transferred from Pseudosparianthis and, together with S. fusca, are considered nomina dubia. Sparianthis accentuata is considered incertae sedis. The male of S. chickeringi and the female of S. crulsi are described for the first time and six new species are described: S. beebei sp. nov. (♂♀) from Trinidad and S. caracarai sp. nov. (♂♀) from Roraima, S. boraris sp. nov. (♂♀) and S. juruti sp. nov. (♂♀) from Pará, and S. humaita sp. nov. (♂♀) and S. juazeiro sp. nov. (♀) from Acre, all in Brazil. All species are redescribed and illustrated. In addition, an identification key and updated distribution maps for all species of the genus are included.

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A new genus of Sparianthinae, Extraordinarius gen. nov., is proposed to include the type species, Extraordinarius andrematosi sp. nov. (♂♀), from São Paulo, E. brucedickinsoni sp. nov. (♂♀), from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, and E. klausmeinei sp. nov. (♂) and E. rickalleni sp. nov. (♂♀), from Espírito Santo. The genus is remarkable in that it is the only Neotropical genus of Sparianthinae with a large, sclerotized, Z-shaped conductor in the male palp and represents the southernmost record for the subfamily in the region. A distribution map is provided for all known species of the genus.

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The origin of the Caribbean biota remains debated, but amassing evidence suggests important roles of both dispersal and vicariance events in the colonization the archipelago. The most prominent vicariance hypothesis is colonization over the GAARlandia land bridge that putatively connected the Greater Antilles to South America around 33 mya. This hypothesis has received support from studies of individual lineages, but its main prediction-the simultaneous colonization of multiple lineages during that time window-requires further unambiguous corroboration. Here, we examine the phylogenetic structure of huntsman spiders (Sparassidae) of the Caribbean. Huntsman spiders are appropriate models for this question, as they are expected to be dispersal limited as substrate and foliage dwelling spiders that rarely balloon, yet are found on some volcanic islands, and thus at least some overwater dispersal must have occurred. We focus on the Caribbean endemic Neostasina, but also include Caribbean Olios, for a deeper biogeographical understanding. We use two mitochondrial and four nuclear markers to reconstruct dated phylogenetic trees and to test taxonomic and biogeographic hypotheses. Our analyses strongly support the monophyly of Neostasina and the polyphyly of Olios, with a new clade endemic to the Caribbean. Both Neostasina and Caribbean Olios occur on the Greater and Lesser Antilles and independently colonized the Caribbean around 36-28 mya. Hypothesis testing in BioGeoBEARS suggests a role of the GAARlandia landbridge in the colonization of both clades. The 'Olios-like' clade, in contrast, is restricted to the southern Lesser Antilles and shows a biogeographic history consistent with colonization from S. America, probably within the last 10 my. Thus, many spider lineages on the Greater Antilles seem to have colonized the Caribbean during a relatively short time span approximately coinciding with the proposed timing of GAARlandia. The synchronous colonization of multiple lineages suggests a temporary land connection. However, the main problem in concluding synchronous events across lineages in this study, as in most others, is the ambiguity in chronogram analyses meaning that many different patterns can be 'consistent' with GAARlandia, thus potentially providing a false positive result. Broad comparative biogeographical studies such as the CarBio project will offer the best opportunity to multiply test shared biogeographic patterns among independent lineages. The current paper contributes evidence from multiple lineages that will contribute to this synthesis.

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Paracymbiomma gen. nov. is proposed to include six new species from Brazil: P. angelim sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from São Paulo, P. carajas sp. nov. (♂ ♀), P. bocaina sp. nov. (♂ ♀) and P. caecus sp. nov. (♂ ♀) from Pará, P. doisirmaos sp. nov. (♂) from Pernambuco and P. pauferrense sp. nov. (♂) from Paraíba. The genus is included in Theuminae by having the sternum with posterior region without rebordered margins, strongly protruding between coxae IV and with numerous long and erect setae, and by the vulva with highly convoluted ducts. It can be distinguished from the other members of the subfamily by the male palp with paracymbium, single RTA, bulb with sclerotized conductor and partly sclerotized median apophysis, and by the female epigyne with posteromedian atrium and sclerotized margin, and vulva with copulatory ducts long, strongly convoluted laterally with proximal part (closest to copulatory openings) translucent. Paracymbiomma carajas sp. nov., P. bocaina sp. nov. and P. caecus sp. nov. occur exclusively in ferruginous caves. We provide a discussion on specializations and adaptations of Paracymbiomma gen. nov. and other species of Prodidomidae to the subterranean environment.

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Spiders of the family Philodromidae are free-living active predators, with laterigrade legs, eyes without tubercles, two tarsal claws and claw tufts. Although very common in zoological collections, their systematics is poorly known, especially in the Neotropics, and their specimens are usually identified only at family level. In this paper, the genus Gephyrellula Strand, 1932 is revised and the type species, G. violacea (Mello-Leitão, 1918) is redescribed and illustrated. Gephyrellula paulistana (Soares, 1943) is considered a junior synonym of G. violacea and thus, the genus becomes monotypic. In addition, the geographical distribution is extended and an updated distribution map is provided.

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The genus Curicaberis gen. nov. is described to include the type species, Curicaberis ferrugineus (C.L. Koch, 1836) comb. nov., and eight other species transferred from Olios Walckenaer, 1837: C. abnormis (Keyserling, 1884) comb. nov., C. annulatus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) comb. nov., C. bibranchiatus (Fox, 1937) comb. nov., C. ensiger (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) comb. nov., C. ferrugineus (C.L. Koch, 1836) comb. nov., C. luctuosus (Banks, 1898) comb. nov., C. minax (O. Pickard-Cambridge,1896) comb. nov., C. manifestus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) comb. nov., and C. peninsulanus (Banks, 1898) comb. nov.. All species are redescribed and illustrated. The males of C. ferrugineus comb. nov. and C. luctuosus comb. nov., and the female of C. annulatus comb. nov. are described and illustrated for the first time. Twenty-three new species are described: C. azul sp. nov. (♂) from Veracruz, C. catarinas sp. nov. (♀) from Chihuahua, C. chamela sp. nov. (♂ and ♀), C. eberhardi sp. nov. (♂ and ♀), C. jalisco sp. nov. (♂ and ♀), and C. urquizai sp. nov. (♂ and ♀) from Jalisco, C. culiacan sp. nov. (♂) from Sinaloa, C. cuyutlan sp. nov. (♂) from Colima, C. durango sp. nov. (♂) from Durango, C. elpunto sp. nov. (♂ and ♀), C. sanpedrito sp. nov. (♂ and ♀), C. tortugero sp. nov. (♀), C. yerba sp. nov. (♀) and C. zapotec sp. nov. (♂) from Oaxaca, C. huitiupan sp. nov. (♂), from Chiapas, C. pedregal sp. nov. (♂) from Distrito Federal, C. potosi sp. nov. (♀) from San Luis Potosí, C. puebla sp. nov. (♀) from Puebla, C. tepic sp. nov. (♀) from Nayarit, and C. mitla sp. nov. (♂ and ♀) from Veracruz and Oaxaca, C. chiapas sp. nov. (♂ and ♀) from Chiapas and Tabasco, all in Mexico, C. granada sp. nov. (♂ and ♀) from Granada and Manágua in Nicaragua and Guanacaste in Costa Rica, and C. bagaces sp. nov. (♀), from Guanacaste, Costa Rica. An identification key and distribution maps are provided for all known species.

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