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The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants' self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants' characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period.

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Mineral extraction of coal in the carboniferous region of southern Santa Catarina (Brazil) plays a significant role in the regional economy. However, this activity has severe environmental impacts, with approximately 65% of the extracted mineral being discarded as a rejected material (deposited in landfills). The identification of the technological potential of these materials, based on the geological aspects of the extraction site and the beneficiation operations applied to obtain coal, provides the opportunity to add value to different residual fractions that can be reused. Thus, waste valorization, the main objective of this work, has recently become a strategy for the application of these minerals in the production of clay ceramics using a systematic approach named CPQvA, which means "classification, potentiality, quantity/viability, and applicability". The use of these materials as secondary mineral sources can avoid the deposition of these materials in industrial landfills and help to reduce the pressure on landfills, which receive an average of four million tons of material annually. In this study, the residual fraction, part of the tailing from coal beneficiation, known as coal fines, was evaluated for formulation valorization in clay ceramics. This residual fraction was classified as non-hazardous (class II-A, non-inert). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to characterize the moisture content, particle-size distribution, and coal content to be used in the development of different formulations using the residual fraction of coal tailings (ranging from 0 to 40%) that are of technological interest to the sector. Processing parameters, such as firing at different temperatures (750, 800, 850, and 900 °C), were also correlated with these formulations. The results were compared with those of a reference ceramic formulation from the local productive arrangement of Morro da Fumaça (Arranjo Produtivo Local Cerâmica Vermelha de Morro da Fumaça). The various relationships between the materials were characterized in terms of their thermal shrinkage, water absorption, and mechanical resistance. Leaching and solubilization environmental tests revealed that both the industrial standard formulation and formulations with the application of the residual fraction were classified as non-hazardous materials. Thus, the method of using a mining residual fraction in the formulation of clay ceramics proved to be beneficial for the circular economy in the regional mineral sector through productive and environmental gains; the primary mineral resource and energy consumptions and the impacts related to waste generation were reduced. The results of this study can be applied to similar situations in other parts of the world.

RESUMO

The economic, social, and health crisis in Venezuela has resulted in the largest forced migration in recent Latin American history. The general scenario in host countries influence migrants' self-perception of quality of life, which can be understood as an indicator of their level of integration. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, especially for forced migrants. We hypothesized that the adverse circumstances faced by Venezuelan migrants during the pandemic have deepened their vulnerability, which may have influenced their perception of quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Venezuelan migrants in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed the quality of life of 312 adult Venezuelan migrants living in Brazil using the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment, which was self-administered online from October 20, 2020, to May 10, 2021. The associations of quality of life and its domains with participants' characteristics were analyzed via multiple linear regression models. Mean quality of life score was 44.7 (±21.8) on a scale of 0 to 100. The best recorded mean was in the physical domain (66.2±17.8) and the worst in the environmental domain (51.1±14.6). The worst quality of life was associated with being a woman, not living with a partner, lower household income, and discrimination based on nationality. Factors associated with overall quality of life and respective domains, especially income and discrimination, were also observed in other studies as obstacles to Venezuelan migrants. The unsatisfactory quality of life among Venezuelans living in Brazil may have been worsened by the pandemic during the study period.

La crisis económica, social y sanitaria en Venezuela ha provocado la mayor emigración forzada en la historia reciente de América Latina. Las circunstancias imperantes en los países de acogida influyen en la calidad de vida autopercibida de los inmigrantes, lo que puede entenderse como un indicador de su nivel de integración. La pandemia del COVID-19 ha intensificado las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y sanitarias, especialmente para los inmigrantes forzados. Se plantea la hipótesis de que las circunstancias adversas que enfrentaron los inmigrantes venezolanos durante la pandemia profundizaron su vulnerabilidad, lo que puede haber influido en su percepción de la calidad de vida. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad de vida de los inmigrantes venezolanos en Brasil durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se evaluó la calidad de vida de 312 inmigrantes venezolanos adultos viviendo en Brasil mediante una herramienta desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHOQOL-BREF), autollenada en línea del 20 de octubre de 2020 al 10 de mayo de 2021. Las asociaciones de la calidad de vida y sus dominios con las características de los participantes se analizaron mediante modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. La puntuación media de la calidad de vida fue de 44,7 (±21,8) en una escala de 0 a 100. La mejor media registrada fue en el dominio físico (66,2±17,8), y la peor en el dominio medio ambiente (51,1±14,6). La peor calidad de vida se asoció al sexo femenino, no convivir con pareja, menores ingresos y discriminación por nacionalidad. Los factores asociados con la calidad de vida general y sus respectivos dominios, especialmente ingresos y discriminación, coinciden con lo presentado por otros estudios como obstáculos para los inmigrantes venezolanos. La calidad de vida insatisfactoria entre los venezolanos que viven en Brasil debió de ser empeorada por la pandemia en el período estudiado.

A crise econômica, social e sanitária na Venezuela resultou na maior emigração forçada da história recente da América Latina. As circunstâncias prevalentes nos países de acolhimento influenciam a autopercepção da qualidade de vida dos imigrantes, o que pode ser entendido como um indicador do seu nível de integração. A pandemia da COVID-19 exacerbou as vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas e de saúde, especialmente para imigrantes forçados. Levantamos a hipótese de que as circunstâncias adversas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes venezuelanos durante a pandemia aprofundaram sua vulnerabilidade, o que pode ter influenciado sua percepção de qualidade de vida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida de imigrantes venezuelanos no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Avaliamos a qualidade de vida de 312 imigrantes venezuelanos adultos vivendo no Brasil por meio de um instrumento desenvolvido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), autoadministrado online de 20 de outubro de 2020 a 10 de maio de 2021. As associações da qualidade de vida e seus domínios com as características dos participantes foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear múltipla. O escore médio de qualidade de vida foi de 44,7 (±21,8) em uma escala de 0 a 100. A melhor média registrada foi no domínio físico (66,2±17,8) e a pior no domínio do meio ambiente (51,1±14,6). A pior qualidade de vida associou-se ao sexo feminino, não viver com companheiro, menor renda familiar e discriminação por nacionalidade. Fatores associados à qualidade de vida geral e seus respectivos domínios, especialmente renda e discriminação, também foram observados em outros estudos como obstáculos aos imigrantes venezuelanos. A qualidade de vida insatisfatória entre os venezuelanos residentes no Brasil pode ter sido agravada pela pandemia no período estudado.

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The environmental impact of clay mining can be minimized using extractive mineral circularity practices. Combining the available knowledge of the characteristics of different clays with statistical tools was a decisive step for the improved use of mining resources. Through blends, all the mined materials can be incorporated to produce quality ceramic products. This study identified two types of clay from abandoned mining areas in the southern state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. These raw materials were valued together with plastic clay, which is widely used in the region, to develop 10 different formulations using a mixture design method. The clays were characterized using average granulometric distribution, mineralogical composition, and chemical, thermal and plasticity analyses. The specimens were shaped by extrusion, dried in an oven, fired in a muffle furnace and characterized based on their shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength values. Two clays with varying characteristics-one with low workability and the other with a high silica content-exhibited difficulties (generating defects) in the extrusion shaping process, which compromised the final quality of the ceramic paste. Results showed that incorporating up to 45% by mass of the low-workability clay resulted in an increase in water absorption. The more siliceous clay improved dimensional control; however, its use at high contents (~80%) decreased the mechanical resistance. Nevertheless, when used in controlled amounts, these clays can be beneficial to the production of blocks and bricks because they have the potential to improve some properties of the finished ceramic products.

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Enteric glial cells (EGCs) constitute the majority of the neural population of the enteric nervous system and are found in all layers of the gastrointestinal tract. It is active in enteric functions such as immunomodulation, participating in inflammation and intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) regulation. Both EGCs and IEB have been described as altered in Parkinson's disease (PD). Using an animal model of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), we investigated the effect of ongoing neurodegeneration on EGCs and inflammatory response during short periods after model induction. C57Bl/6 male mice were unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA in the striatum. Compared to the control group, 6-OHDA animals showed decreased relative water content in their feces from 1 w after model induction. Moreover, at 1 and 2 w post-induction, groups showed histopathological changes indicative of intestinal inflammation. We identified an increase in IBA1 and GFAP levels in the intestinal mucosa. At an earlier survival of 48 h, we detected an increase in GFAP in the neuromuscular layer, suggesting that it was a primary event for the upregulation of GDNF, TNF-α, and occludin in the intestinal mucosa observed after 1 w. Within 2 w, we identified a decrease in the expression of occludin barrier proteins. Thus, EGCs modulation may be an early enteric signal induced by parkinsonian neurodegeneration, followed by inflammatory and dysmotility signs besides IEB modification.

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This work aims to evaluate the effects of feldspar substitution by basalt on porcelain tile composition with respect to its porosity, flexural strength, and pyroplastic deformation. Three ceramic formulations with different amounts of feldspar substituted with basalt, 50% (C1), 75% (C2), and 100% (C3), were evaluated at three different temperatures, 1200, 1220, and 1240 °C. Specifically, the effect of replacing feldspar with basalt on the pyroplastic deformation of ceramic bodies was analysed using optical fleximetry. The porosity of C1 at 1200 °C was 19.3 ± 2.9%, while that of composition C3 was 22.2 ± 0.7% at 1240 °C. The flexural strength was strongly influenced by the temperature. For C1 at 1200 and 1240 °C, flexural strengths of 11.1 ± 0.6 and 22.2 ± 1.9 MPa, respectively, were obtained. Regarding fleximetry, thermal deformation decreased with an increase in the amount of feldspar substituted with basalt. It was observed that C2 and C3 deformed less at high temperatures than the other combinations of compositions and temperature, probably owing to the lower amount of residual glass phase present during cooling. Compositions with higher substitution amounts of basalt (i.e., C2 and C3) exhibited more stable thermal behaviour than C0.

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RESUMO Este artigo busca avaliar e comparar qual material (PET ou vidro) proporciona um ciclo de vida mais sustentável para os recipientes utilizados no envase de refrigerantes. Foram comparados quatro recipientes de vidro - três retornáveis e um descartável - com cinco recipientes em polietileno tereftalato (PET) - três descartáveis produzidos com material virgem, um descartável produzido com 20% de material reciclado e um retornável (RefPET). Utilizou-se como ferramenta o programa CES-Selector/EcoAudit, o qual considera cinco etapas principais do ciclo de vida do produto - material (obtenção de matéria-prima), produção, transporte, uso e descarte. Os indicadores resultantes foram a energia incorporada e a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Os resultados, para cada 1.000 L de refrigerante envasado, comprovam que a reutilização do recipiente é a escolha ambientalmente mais correta e mostram que, nas garrafas de PET, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, menor a quantidade de material de PET utilizado, menor a energia incorporada e menor a emissão de CO2. Por outro lado, para as garrafas de vidro, o resultado é oposto, ou seja, quanto maior a capacidade do recipiente, maior a quantidade de material utilizado, maior a energia incorporada e maior será a quantidade de CO2 emitida. Considerando a energia incorporada e o CO2 gerado, o resultado final mostra que, para envasar pequenos volumes (vidro de 290 mL e PET de 250 mL), os recipientes de vidro apresentam resultados melhores, enquanto, para envasar volumes maiores (acima de 600 mL), os recipientes de PET são os mais indicados.

ABSTRACT The present paper aims to assess and compare which material (PET or glass) provides a more sustainable life cycle for soft drink containers. Four glass containers, three returnable ones and one disposable were compared to five PET containers (polyethylene terephthalate), three disposable ones made from virgin material, one disposable made from 20% of recycled material and one returnable (RefPet). The CES-Selector/EcoAudit program, which considers five main stages of the product life cycle - material (obtaining raw material), production, transportation, use and disposal - , was used. The resulting indicators were the energy and the amount of CO2 emission. The results, for every 1,000 liters of soft drink bottled, prove that the reuse of containers is the most environmentally correct choice and show that in PET bottles the larger the container capacity the smaller the amount of PET material used, lower the energy and the lower the CO2 emission. On the other hand, for glass bottles, the result is opposite, that is, the larger the container capacity, the greater the amount of material used, the greater the embodied energy and the greater the CO2 emission. Considering the incorporated energy and the CO2 generated, the final result shows that glass containers present better results when filling small-volume packages (290 ml glass and 250 ml PET), while PET containers are the most suitable ones for larger volumes (above 600 ml).

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Monoterpenes such as limonene and perillyl alcohol (POH) are promising natural compounds with pro-oxidant properties partly due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity owing to their activity as free radical scavengers, inhibition of coenzyme Q synthesis, activation of antioxidant-responsive elements (inducing detoxification enzymes) and induction of apoptosis. Activation of ER-stress responses generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive free radicals mainly produced during mitochondrial electron transfer for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. When cells are subjected to oxidative stress conditions, there is an accumulation of ROS that can lead to irreversible cell injury caused primarily by lipid peroxidation, protein aggregation and/or DNA damage. Malignant tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme, display elevated rates of oxygen consumption, necrosis and abnormal structural microvasculature. Alterations in the tumor microenvironment are tightly linked to tumor progression and occur as a result of activation of complex signaling networks involving inter-clonal cooperation, cell-matrix interactions and an ongoing inflammatory response leading to genetic and epigenetic alterations. This review will focus on the pro- and anti-oxidant activities of POH, which are greatly dependent on the respective ROS levels within the tumor microenvironment and involve the ER stress response system. As well, some critical aspects of tumor-associated metabolic changes and the consequences of endogenous ROS production for tumor progression will be discussed.

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Among the epistemological obstacles described by Gaston Bachelard, we contend that unitary and pragmatic knowledge is correlated to the teleological categories of Ernst Mayr and is the basis for prevailing debate on the notion of "function" in biology. Given the proximity of the aspects highlighted by these authors, we propose to associate the role of teleological thinking in biology and the notion of unitary and pragmatic knowledge as an obstacle to scientific knowledge. Thus, teleological thinking persists acting as an epistemological obstacle in biology, according to Bachelardian terminology. Our investigation led us to formulate the "teleological obstacle," which we consider important for the future of biology and possibly other sciences.

Dentre os obstáculos epistemológicos descritos por Gaston Bachelard, propomos que o conhecimento unitário e pragmático se relaciona com as categorias de teleologia propostas por Ernst Mayr e fundamenta as discussões atuais sobre a noção de "função" em biologia. Dada a proximidade dos aspectos salientados por ambos, propomos relacionar o papel do pensamento teleológico na biologia e a noção do conhecimento unitário e pragmático como obstáculo ao conhecimento científico. O pensamento teleológico, portanto, ainda atua como obstáculo epistemológico na biologia, segundo a terminologia bachelardiana. Nossas investigações nos levaram à formulação do "obstáculo teleológico", que entendemos ser importante para o desenvolvimento da biologia e possivelmente para outras ciências.

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Among the epistemological obstacles described by Gaston Bachelard, we contend that unitary and pragmatic knowledge is correlated to the teleological categories of Ernst Mayr and is the basis for prevailing debate on the notion of "function" in biology. Given the proximity of the aspects highlighted by these authors, we propose to associate the role of teleological thinking in biology and the notion of unitary and pragmatic knowledge as an obstacle to scientific knowledge. Thus, teleological thinking persists acting as an epistemological obstacle in biology, according to Bachelardian terminology. Our investigation led us to formulate the "teleological obstacle," which we consider important for the future of biology and possibly other sciences.

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