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Purpose: Most studies assessing hair cortisol were conducted with adults. As specific guidelines for infant hair collection are lacking, we developed a hair collection protocol for 12-month-old infants and assessed its acceptability and feasibility. Results: Out of the total (N = 45), 95.6 % (n = 43) of caregivers consented to the procedure, while one caregiver did not consent (2.2 %), and another requested the procedure to be halted before required amount of hair had been reached (2.2 %). Furthermore, two (4.4 %) infants did not have enough hair for collection. There was no attrition due to infant fussiness/crying. Discussion: We learned five lessons which can help to enhance reproducibility, mother's consent, and mother-infant comfort and acceptance of the procedure. The first lesson is to have the infant sit on the caregiver's lap to ensure the infant feels safe and remains relatively still. The second is to reassure caregivers by showing hair samples representing the amount to be cut as well as by clarifying no unaesthetic gaps would be visible. The third is to caress the infant's head to habituate them to the hair manipulation and to make soap bubbles as distractors. The fourth is to take extra care when securing the lock of hair for cutting because the infant scalp is thin and malleable. The fifth is to place a precision scale in the collection room to ensure the necessary weight is reached. Conclusion: Our hair collection protocol developed for 12-month-old infants was deemed feasible and acceptable, filled an important literature gap concerning the absence of published protocols for infants, and will contribute to increase the replicability and collection efficiency for other research teams.
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Objectives: The herbicide glyphosate, a pesticide used in agriculture to control weeds, both in food crops and in other agricultural areas, has been identified as an endocrine modulator through the inhibition of aromatase activity and the activation of estrogen receptors. The present study examined the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup® (GLY-BH) on sexual dimorphism of rats after perinatal exposure to low and high GLY-BH in males and females offspring. Methods: Two groups of pregnant rats were treated with two doses of GLY-BH (50 or 150 mg/kg) from day 15 of gestation (GD15) to postnatal day 7 (PND7). Play fighting behavior was observed at the juvenile stage and during social and sexual behaviors in adulthood. Results: Perinatal GLY-BH exposure reduced male and female body weight at 28, 75, and 90 days of age. The play fighting behavior was decreased in both sexes, but female rats were more affected. The sexual behaviors were reduced only in females. Conclusions: Perinatal exposure to both doses of GLY-BH promoted sexually dimorphic effects in both juvenile and adulthood stages. These effects were attributed to the inhibition of aromatase activity induced by exposure to GLY-BH in the perinatal period.(AU)
Objetivos: O glifosato é um herbicida não seletivo, usado em muitas culturas alimentares e não alimentares e em áreas não agrícolas, sendo que os produtos a base de glifosato atuam como moduladores das funções endócrinas por meio da inibição da atividade da aromatase e da ativação de receptores de estrógeno. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do herbicida Roundup® (GLY-BH) à base de glifosato, em comportamentos sexualmente dimórficos de ratos após exposição perinatal a doses baixas e altas de GLY-BH no período perinatal. Métodos: Ratas prenhas foram tratadas com 50 ou 150 mg/kg de GLY-BH do 15º dia de gestação (GD15) ao 7º dia de lactação (LD7). O comportamento de luta/brincar foi observado na fase juvenil e os comportamentos social e sexual na idade adulta. Resultados: a exposição perinatal a GLY-BH reduziu o peso corporal de machos e fêmeas aos 28, 75 e 90 dias de idade. O comportamento de luta/brincar diminuiu em ambos os sexos, sendo as ratas foram as mais afetadas. O comportamento sexual foi reduzido apenas nas fêmeas. Conclusões: A exposição perinatal a ambas as doses do GLY- BH promoveu tanto na idade juvenil como na idade adulta, efeitos sexualmente dimórficos. Esses efeitos foram atribuídos à inibição da atividade da aromatase induzida exposição perinatal ao GLY-BH.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Comportamento Sexual Animal/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Inibidores da Aromatase/efeitos adversos , Caracteres Sexuais , Herbicidas/administração & dosagem , Herbicidas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The early life status epilepticus (SE) causes high anxiety and chronic socialization abnormalities, revealed by a low preference for social novelty and deficit in social discrimination. This study investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system on the sociability in this model, due to its role in social motivation regulation. Male Wistar rats at postnatal day 9 were subjected to pilocarpine-induced neonatal SE and controls received saline. From P60 the groups received vehicle or JZL195 2 h before each behavioral test to increase endocannabinoids availability. In the sociability test, animals subjected to neonatal SE exhibited impaired sociability, characterized by social discrimination deficit, which was unaffected by the JZL195 treatment. In contrast, JZL195-treated control rats showed low sociability and impaired social discrimination. The negative impact of JZL195 over the sociability in control rats and the lack of effect in animals subjected to neonatal SE was confirmed in the social memory paradigm. In this paradigm, as expected for vehicle-treated control rats, the investigation toward the same social stimulus decreased with the sequential exposition and increased toward a novel stimulus. In animals subjected to neonatal SE, regardless of the treatment, as well as in JZL195-treated control rats, the investigation toward the same social stimulus was significantly reduced with no improvement toward a novel stimulus. Concerning the locomotion, the JZL195 increased it only in control rats. After behavioral tests, brain tissues of untreated animals were used for CB1 receptor quantification by Elisa and for gene expression by RT-PCR: no difference between control and experimental animals was noticed. The results reinforce the evidence that the early SE causes chronic socialization abnormalities, revealed by the low social interest for novelty and impaired social discrimination. The dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor (JZL195) administration before the social encounter impaired the social interaction in intact rats with no effect in animals subjected to early-life seizures.
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Early-life status epilepticus produces deficit in social interaction and vocalization, enhances anxiety, no cognitive impairment and alters functional connectivity within the hippocampus (CA3-CA1) and between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This data article contains behavioral and molecular data of the adult male Wistar rats subjected to early life pilocarpine-induced seizures. Animal's behaviors were assessed to social memory and social motivation, working and reference memories and cognitive flexibility. The brain tissues (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum) were probed to gene and protein expression of molecules related to social behavior, reward system and synaptic function.
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Our goal was to establish the requirement of ß3 adrenoceptor (ß3Adr) for green tea (GT) effects on the energy metabolism of obese mice. This study was carried out in wild-type (WT) and ß3Adr knockout (KO) male mice fed with a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD/16 weeks) treated or not with GT (0.5 g/kg of body weight (BW)/12 weeks). GT-treatment attenuated final BW, BW gain, and adiposity index increased by HFD, improving insulin resistance (IR) and FGF21 level, without changing the food intake of WT mice. GT-treatment of ß3AdrKO mice attenuated only IR, denoting GT-effects independent of ß3Adr. We observed increased lipolysis accompanied by decreased adipocyte size in white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as browning of the subcutaneous WAT induced by GT in a way dependent on ß3Adr. In brown adipose tissue (BAT) mRNA levels of lipolytic/oxidative genes, including ß3Adr/Ucp1 and energy expenditure (EE) was increased by GT dependent on ß3Adr. GT-treatment increased adiponectin independent of ß3Adr. Also, independent of ß3Adr pathway GT promoted an increase in ß2Adr/Ucp1 mRNA levels and EE in BAT whereas; in the liver, GT has a dual role in increasing lipid synthesis and oxidation. These data lead us to suggest that GT uses ß3Adr pathway activation to achieve some of its beneficial health effects.
Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade/farmacologia , Camellia sinensis , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/deficiência , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/patologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/patologia , Adiposidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Fármacos Antiobesidade/isolamento & purificação , Camellia sinensis/química , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Lipólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 1/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 1/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism are the most common hormonal dysfunctions during pregnancy. Insufficient maternal thyroid hormones (THs) in the early stages of pregnancy can lead to severe impairments in the development of the central nervous system because THs are critical to central nervous system development. In the fetus and after birth, THs participate in neurogenic processes, cell differentiation, neuronal activation, axonal growth, dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis and myelination. Although treatment is simple and effective, approximately 30% of pregnant women in Brazil with access to prenatal care have their first consultation after the first trimester of pregnancy, and any delay in diagnosis and resulting treatment delay may lead to cognitive impairment in children. This review summarizes the effects of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism on fetal neurodevelopment, behavior and cognition in humans and rodents. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):89-95.
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Encéfalo/embriologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Troca Materno-Fetal/fisiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Resultado da Gravidez , Trimestres da Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-NatalRESUMO
ABSTRACT Clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism are the most common hormonal dysfunctions during pregnancy. Insufficient maternal thyroid hormones (THs) in the early stages of pregnancy can lead to severe impairments in the development of the central nervous system because THs are critical to central nervous system development. In the fetus and after birth, THs participate in neurogenic processes, cell differentiation, neuronal activation, axonal growth, dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis and myelination. Although treatment is simple and effective, approximately 30% of pregnant women in Brazil with access to prenatal care have their first consultation after the first trimester of pregnancy, and any delay in diagnosis and resulting treatment delay may lead to cognitive impairment in children. This review summarizes the effects of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism on fetal neurodevelopment, behavior and cognition in humans and rodents. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):89-95
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Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Complicações na Gravidez/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/embriologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Troca Materno-Fetal/fisiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/sangue , Trimestres da Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Resultado da GravidezRESUMO
Glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide, causes in mammals cellular mutagenesisand toxic effects at the embryonic, fetal, and placental levels, even at lowconcentrations. This study investigated in rats the effects of perinatal exposureto glyphosate-base herbicide on maternal behavior and the hypothalamic andstriatal levels of dopamine and serotonin. The pups physical and behavioraldevelopment were observed. Glyphosate-base herbicide (50 or 150 mg/kg, peros) was administered in dams during gestation (15º gestational day to 7ºlactation day. The female body weight was recorded throughout the pregnancyand lactation. The dams reproductive performance was observed at postnatalday 2, the open field behavior at postnatal day 5 and the maternal behavior atpostnatal day 6. At weaning, the dams hypothalamic and striatal levels ofdopamine and serotonin were measured. Maternal exposure to both glyphosatebase herbicide doses: i) had few effects on maternal body weight gain; ii)decreased the number and body weight of the pups; iii) impaired the maternalcare; iv) both doses decreased the activity of striatal and hypothalamic dopaminergic systems; v) 50 mg/kg increased and 150 mg/kg decreased theserotoninergic hypothalamic activity. In offspring, no effects on physicaldevelopment but a delay on reflex development. Conclusions: perinatal exposureto glyphosate-base herbicide decreased the maternal care by a reduced striataldopaminergic activity and delayed the pups reflex development.
O glifosato é um herbicida não seletivo, que causa mutagênese celular e efeitostóxicos embrionário, fetal e placentário, mesmo em baixas concentrações. Esteestudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da exposição perinatal ao herbicida àbase de glifosato sobre o comportamento materno e os níveis hipotalâmicos eestriatais de dopamina e serotonina. O desenvolvimento físico e comportamentaldos filhotes foi observado. O herbicida (50 ou 150 mg / kg, per os) foiadministrado às mães durante a gestação (15º dia gestacional ao 7º dia delactação. O peso corporal foi registrado durante a gestação e lactação Odesempenho reprodutivo das mães foi observado no dia pós-natal 2, ocomportamento de campo aberto no dia pós-natal 5 e o comportamento maternono dia pós-natal 6. Ao desmame os níveis hipotalâmicos e estriatais da dopaminae da serotonina foram medidos. A exposição materna às duas doses do glifosato:i) teve poucos efeitos sobre o ganho de peso corporal materno; ii) diminuiu onúmero e peso corporal dos filhotes; iii) prejudicou o cuidado materno; iv)ambas as doses diminuíram a atividade dos sistemas dopaminérgicos estriatal ehipotalâmico; v) 50 mg / kg e 150 mg / kg do glifosato diminuíram a atividadehipotalâmica serotoninérgica. Na prole, não houve efeitos no desenvolvimentofísico, mas observou-se atraso no desenvolvimento reflexológico. Poucos efeitosna atividade geral do filhote foram observados. Conclusões: a exposiçãoperinatal ao herbicida à base de glifosato diminuiu o cuidado materno por umaatividade redução da atividade dopaminérgica estriatal e atrasou odesenvolvimento dos reflexos dos filhotes.
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Feminino , Animais , Gravidez , Ratos , Comportamento Materno , Dopaminérgicos , Herbicidas/administração & dosagem , Herbicidas/efeitos adversos , Ratos/embriologiaRESUMO
Glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide, causes in mammals cellular mutagenesisand toxic effects at the embryonic, fetal, and placental levels, even at lowconcentrations. This study investigated in rats the effects of perinatal exposureto glyphosate-base herbicide on maternal behavior and the hypothalamic andstriatal levels of dopamine and serotonin. The pups physical and behavioraldevelopment were observed. Glyphosate-base herbicide (50 or 150 mg/kg, peros) was administered in dams during gestation (15º gestational day to 7ºlactation day. The female body weight was recorded throughout the pregnancyand lactation. The dams reproductive performance was observed at postnatalday 2, the open field behavior at postnatal day 5 and the maternal behavior atpostnatal day 6. At weaning, the dams hypothalamic and striatal levels ofdopamine and serotonin were measured. Maternal exposure to both glyphosatebase herbicide doses: i) had few effects on maternal body weight gain; ii)decreased the number and body weight of the pups; iii) impaired the maternalcare; iv) both doses decreased the activity of striatal and hypothalamic dopaminergic systems; v) 50 mg/kg increased and 150 mg/kg decreased theserotoninergic hypothalamic activity. In offspring, no effects on physicaldevelopment but a delay on reflex development. Conclusions: perinatal exposureto glyphosate-base herbicide decreased the maternal care by a reduced striataldopaminergic activity and delayed the pups reflex development.(AU)
O glifosato é um herbicida não seletivo, que causa mutagênese celular e efeitostóxicos embrionário, fetal e placentário, mesmo em baixas concentrações. Esteestudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da exposição perinatal ao herbicida àbase de glifosato sobre o comportamento materno e os níveis hipotalâmicos eestriatais de dopamina e serotonina. O desenvolvimento físico e comportamentaldos filhotes foi observado. O herbicida (50 ou 150 mg / kg, per os) foiadministrado às mães durante a gestação (15º dia gestacional ao 7º dia delactação. O peso corporal foi registrado durante a gestação e lactação Odesempenho reprodutivo das mães foi observado no dia pós-natal 2, ocomportamento de campo aberto no dia pós-natal 5 e o comportamento maternono dia pós-natal 6. Ao desmame os níveis hipotalâmicos e estriatais da dopaminae da serotonina foram medidos. A exposição materna às duas doses do glifosato:i) teve poucos efeitos sobre o ganho de peso corporal materno; ii) diminuiu onúmero e peso corporal dos filhotes; iii) prejudicou o cuidado materno; iv)ambas as doses diminuíram a atividade dos sistemas dopaminérgicos estriatal ehipotalâmico; v) 50 mg / kg e 150 mg / kg do glifosato diminuíram a atividadehipotalâmica serotoninérgica. Na prole, não houve efeitos no desenvolvimentofísico, mas observou-se atraso no desenvolvimento reflexológico. Poucos efeitosna atividade geral do filhote foram observados. Conclusões: a exposiçãoperinatal ao herbicida à base de glifosato diminuiu o cuidado materno por umaatividade redução da atividade dopaminérgica estriatal e atrasou odesenvolvimento dos reflexos dos filhotes.(AU)
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Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Herbicidas/administração & dosagem , Herbicidas/efeitos adversos , Dopaminérgicos , Ratos/embriologia , Comportamento MaternoRESUMO
A preocupação com o bem-estar animal vem aumentando na comunidade científica,principalmente em relação aos animais utilizados em experimentação, uma vez que seu comportamento e fisiologia são influenciados pelo ambiente em que se encontram. Um dos fatores importantes para o bem-estar desses animais é o material utilizado como substrato das gaiolas que possui a função de absorver urina, secar as fezes e fornecer material para confecção de ninhos. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os principais tipos de substratos utilizados nos biotérios brasileiros, a fim de avaliar o desempenho de ratos em testes comportamentais e identificar o substrato da gaiola depreferência dos animais. Para isto, ratos foram separados em três grupos e mantidos em substratos diferentes: maravalha de Pinus em lâminas, maravalha de Pinus em flocos ou sabugo de milho triturado. Após o período de aclimatação, os animais foram submetidos a testes comportamentais e de preferência. Os resultados mostraram que os diferentes tipos de substrato não tiveram influência no comportamento dos animais. O teste de preferência mostrou que os ratos preferiram a maravalha em lâminas e osabugo de milho triturado como substrato. A maravalha em flocos não agradou osanimais, possivelmente devido ao seu formato que dificulta a execução de comportamentos característicos da espécie.
Concern about animal welfare has been increasing in the scientific community, especially regarding animals used for research purposes, since their behavior and physiology are influenced by the environment. One important factor for these animals welfare is the material used as substrate of the cages, which is used for absorbing urine, drying the faeces and providing material for nests. This study aimed to evaluate the performanceof rats in behavioral test and to evaluate the main types of substrates used in Brazilian animal facilities in order to determine the material of preference of the animals. Therefore, rats were separated into three groups and kept on different substrates: pine wood shavings, pine wood flake or crushed corn cob. After the acclimation period, the animals were submitted to behavioral and preference tests. The results showed that the differentsubstrate types had no influence on animal behaviors. The preference test showed thatthe rats preferred the pine wood shavings and crushed corn cob as substrate. The pine wood flake did not please the animals, possibly because of its shape which makes it difficult for the animals to perform characteristic behaviors of the species.