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Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood) is an endangered native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose seeds tolerate maturation drying, but, unlike classic orthodox seeds, they quickly lose viability after shedding. This work analyzed the biochemical and ultrastructural changes during the maturation of brazilwood seeds, with particular attention to the cell walls and organization of the cellular components. The physiological seed maturity was accompanied by increased starch content and decreased soluble sugars. Arabinose increased considerably and was the predominant cell-wall sugar during maturation, suggesting a rise in arabinans that contribute to greater cell wall flexibility. This increase was consistent with the cell wall infolding observed in the hypocotyl axis and cotyledons during the maturation of brazilwood seeds. Ultrastructural analyses showed changes in the number and distribution of protein bodies and amyloplasts and the reorganization of lipid droplets into large drops or masses during seed desiccation. Our findings demonstrate that brazilwood seeds behave like other orthodox seeds during maturation, performing the cell wall and metabolic changes before the major decline in the seed water content. However, the high vacuolization and reorganization of lipid bodies observed at 65 DAA suggest that cell deterioration occurs to some extent at the end of the maturation period and could be responsible for reducing the longevity of the brazilwood dried seeds.

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Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke is a plant with medicinal properties popularly used in Brazil to treat diabetes and obesity. Despite the promising use of this plant, are still incipient toxicology studies on prolonged periods of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study of V. megapotamica methanolic extract (VMME) in male and female Wistar rats. Different groups of rats (n = 8) were treated daily with three different doses of VMME (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) or vehicle (filtered water). Body weight, water, and feed consumption, and clinical and behavioral changes were monitored daily. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were obtained for hematological and biochemical analyzes. After euthanasia, the vital organs were removed for the determination of relative weight and for histopathological analysis. No clinical signs of toxicity or mortality were found during the experimental period. Treatment with VMME did not induce any change in body weight gain, eating patterns, and behavior. We found no statistically significant changes in the different hematological and biochemical parameters evaluated. The relative weight of the organs and histopathological analysis did not show any significant change when compared to animals treated with the vehicle. The data obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the VMME obtained from V. megapotamica is safe after a repeated-dose 90-day oral toxicity study in male and female Wistar rats.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi validar intervalos de referências (IRs) para hematologia e bioquímica sanguínea de cães domiciliados da Amazônia Oriental e estabelecer novos IRs para os parâmetros não validados. Foram utilizadas amostras de 44 cães adultos clinicamente saudáveis de diferentes raças e sexos. Na validação, foi utilizada a metodologia proposta pelo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) e na determinação dos IRs dos parâmetros não validados foi utilizada a metodologia estatística proposta pela American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV). Os IRs foram determinados por meio do programa Excel com o suplemento Reference Value Advisor (versão 2.1). O software realiza os cálculos de acordo com as recomendações CLSI, conforme sugerido pelas diretrizes da ASCVP. Um total de 25 parâmetros (13 hematológicos e 12 bioquímicos) foram submetidos ao processo de validação. Desse total, seis (24%) parâmetros não foram validados (Hemoglobina, CHGM, eosinófilos, linfócitos, albumina e GGT) e para estes foram estabelecidos novos intervalos. Para a maioria dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos (76%), os IRs estabelecidos previamente na literatura ainda são válidos para utilização em cães criados na Amazônia Oriental. Para os parâmetros não validados, apenas para eosinófilos e linfócitos recomendamos que outros trabalhos, com um número maior de animais, sejam realizados para confirmar os nossos resultados ou estabelecer novos IRs. Os IRs estabelecidos para hemoglobina, CHGM, albumina e GGT podem ser utilizados em substituição aos intervalos antigos.

The aim of the present study was to validate reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and blood biochemistry of dogs domiciled in the Eastern Amazon and to establish new RIs for parameters not yet validated. Samples from 44 clinically healthy adult dogs of different breeds and sexes were used. The methodology proposed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used for validation, and the statistical methodology proposed by the American Society for Clinical Veterinary Pathology (ASCPV) was used to determine the RIs of the non-validated parameters. The IRs were determined using the Excel program with the Reference Value Advisor add-in (version 2.1). The software performs calculations according to CLSI recommendations as suggested by the ASCVP guidelines. A total of 25 parameters (13 hematological and 12 biochemical) were submitted to the validation process. Of this total, six (24%) parameters were not validated (Hemoglobin, CHGM, eosinophils, lymphocytes, albumin and GGT) and new intervals were established for these. For most hematological and biochemical parameters (76%), the RIs previously established in the literature are still valid for use in dogs raised in the Eastern Amazon. For non-validated parameters, just for eosinophils and lymphocytes, we recommend that other studies, with a larger number of animals, be carried out to confirm our results or establish new IRs. The established IRs for hemoglobin, CHGM, albumin and GGT can be used in place of the old ranges.

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PURPOSE: to evaluate and classify visual dyslexic students, considering that developmental dyslexia subtypes are not differentiated in most diagnoses and that they affect a generalized approach. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational, analytical study composed of 80 students, divided into two groups, GA (dyslexics) and GB (without complaints of learning difficulties) using PROLEC (proof of assessment of reading processes), TVPS - 3 (Visual Test of Perceptual Skills) and TPMBO (Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test) - subtests 7 and 8. RESULTS: Comparing the groups, the students of GA presented inferior performance in all the PROLEC tests and in the TVPS3 tests. The TPMBO tests of visuomotor coordination and manual dexterity tests were inferior. In a second stage, screening the visual dyslexics, 12 (30%) schoolchildren were found, who presented better performance in reading frequent words, when compared to the performance in reading infrequent words and pseudowords. In the visual perceptual skills (TVPS-3), they obtained values below 50%, except for the subscale constancy of form. The occurrences of exchanges in reading aloud were in confusion of letters, syllables or words with little difference in the way of writing, but different in the direction, the same students did not present exchanges or confusions between letters, which have the same point and manner of articulation, and whose sounds are acoustically close. CONCLUSION: Thus, characterizing the dyslexia subtype is fundamental, because the application of therapeutic techniques will depend on the correct focus of the observed changes. Therefore, an accurate and multidisciplinary diagnosis is required.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e classificar escolares disléxicos visuais, considerando que, subtipos de dislexia do desenvolvimento não são diferenciados na maioria dos diagnósticos e que os mesmos incidem em uma abordagem generalizada. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, observacional, analítico composto de 80 escolares, divididos em dois grupos, GA (disléxicos) e GB (sem queixa de dificuldade de aprendizagem) aplicando o PROLEC (prova de avaliação dos processos de leitura), o TVPS­3 (Teste Visual de Habilidades Perceptuais) e TPMBO (Teste de Proficiência Motora de Bruininks-Oseretsky) ­ subtestes 7 e 8. RESULTADOS: Comparando os grupos, os escolares do GA apresentaram desempenho inferior em todas as provas do PROLEC e no teste do TVPS−3. A execução nos testes de coordenação visuomotora e destreza manual do TPMBO foram inferiores. Em uma segunda etapa, triando os disléxicos visuais foram encontrados 12 (30%) escolares, que apresentaram melhor desempenho na leitura de palavras frequentes, quando comparados ao desempenho na leitura de palavras não frequentes e pseudopalavras. Nas habilidades perceptuais visuais (TVPS-3), obtiveram valores abaixo de 50%, exceto na subescala constância de forma. As ocorrências de trocas na leitura em voz alta, foram em confusão de letras, silabas ou palavras com pouca diferença na forma de escrever, mas diferentes na direção, os mesmos escolares não apresentaram trocas ou confusões entre letras, que possuem mesmo ponto e modo articulatório, e cujos sons são acusticamente próximos. CONCLUSÃO: Assim caracterizar o subtipo da dislexia é fundamental, porque a aplicação das técnicas terapêuticas, dependerá do correto enfoque das alterações observadas. Portanto, é necessário um diagnóstico exato e multidisciplinar.

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Objetivo: Avaliar medidas aplicadas pela enfermagem para prevenir Lesões Por Pressão (LPP) em pacientes de uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica, antes e após treinamento. Método: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, desenvolvido em um hospital de nível terciário. A amostra foi composta por 118 pacientes. A coleta de dados foi realizada no formato de checklist de acordo com 3 variáveis: I) Relacionadas às características da amostra; II) Relacionadas à avaliação de risco para LPP e III) Relacionadas à identificação do risco de LPP. Posteriormente foi realizado um treinamento e, em seguida realizada nova coleta, com comparação dos dados. Resultados: As LPP no setor corresponderam a 7,5% antes do treinamento e 2,0% após. Pode-se identificar que 57,4% dos pacientes estavam expostos ao risco de LPP antes e 60,9% após. Foi observado na beira do leito que antes do treinamento, 46,2% dos pacientes apresentavam-se na posição adequada estabelecida pelo setor naquela hora do dia e, após o treinamento, eram 92,1% dos pacientes. Conclusão: Verificou-se a melhora na realização dessas medidas preventivas e a necessidade de treinamento frequente com os profissionais da saúde. Os enfermeiros devem trabalhar no aprimoramento dessas ferramentas para melhor avaliação do risco das LPP, bem como medidas preventivas. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate measures applied by nursing to prevent Pressure Ulcers in patients in pediatric intensive care unit, before and after training. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, developed in tertiary-level hospital. The sample consisted of 118 patients. Data collection was performed in the checklist format according to 3 variables: I) Related to sample characteristics; II) Related to risk avaluation for LPP and III) Related to risk identification for LPP. Subsequently, training was carried out and then a new collection, comparing the data. Results: LPP in the sector corresponded to 7.5% before training and 2.0% after. It can be identified that 57.4% of patients were exposed to the risk of pressure ulcers before and 60.9% after. It was observed at the bedside that, before training, only 46.2% of the patients were in the appropriate position established by the sector at that time of the day and after 92.1% were. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the performance of these preventive measures and the need for frequent training with health professionals. Nurses should work on improving these tools to better the evaluation of risk of pressure ulcers, as well as preventive measures. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar medidas aplicadas por la enfermería para prevenir lesiones por presión (LPP) en pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, antes y después del entrenamiento. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, desarrollado en un hospital de tercer nivel. La muestra consistió en 118 pacientes. La recolección de datos se realizó en el formato de lista de verificación de acuerdo con 3 variables: I) Las características de la muestra; II) La evaluación de riesgos para LPP y III) La identificación del riesgo de LPP. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la capacitación y luego se realizó una nueva colección, comparando así los datos. Resultados: LPP en el sector correspondió a 7.5% antes del entrenamiento y 2.0% después. Se puede identificar que el 57.4% de los pacientes estuvieron expuestos al riesgo de LPP antes y el 60.9% después. Se observó en la cabecera que antes del entrenamiento, solo el 46.2% de los pacientes estaban en la posición apropiada establecida por el sector a esa hora del día y después 92.1% estaban. Conclusión: Hubo una mejora en el desempeño de estas medidas preventivas y la necesidad de capacitación frecuente con profesionales de la salud. Las enfermeras deberían trabajar en mejorar estas herramientas para evaluar mejor el riesgo de LPP, así como medidas preventivas. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Social housing programmes have been shown to influence health, but their effects on cardiovascular mortality and incidence of infectious diseases, such as leprosy and tuberculosis, are unknown. We will use individual administrative data to evaluate the effect of the Brazilian housing programme Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and incidence of leprosy and tuberculosis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will link the baseline of the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2001-2015), which includes information on socioeconomic and demographic variables, to the MCMV (2009-2015), CVD mortality (2007-2015), leprosy (2007-2015) and tuberculosis (2007-2015) registries. We will define our exposed population as individuals who signed the contract to receive a house from MCMV, and our non-exposed group will be comparable individuals within the cohort who have not signed a contract for a house at that time. We will estimate the effect of MCMV on health outcomes using different propensity score approaches to control for observed confounders. Follow-up time of individuals will begin at the date of exposure ascertainment and will end at the time a specific outcome occurs, date of death or end of follow-up (31 December 2015). In addition, we will conduct stratified analyses by the follow-up time, age group, race/ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic position. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the ethic committees from Instituto Gonçalo Muniz-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and University of Glasgow Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences College. Data analysis will be carried out using an anonymised dataset, accessed by researchers in a secure computational environment according to the Centre for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge procedures. Study findings will be published in high quality peer-reviewed research journals and will also be disseminated to policy makers through stakeholder events and policy briefs.

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Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke is commonly known as tarumã, it is an important medicinal and edible fruit plant. It is native to regions of tropical and subtropical climate in greater proportion than temperate zones and widely distributed in Central America, South America, Asia, and Africa. In Brazil, it is present in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. Despite its widespread use, there are no minimum standards for quality control or information on genotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to present a detailed description of the short-term genotoxicity assays of V. megapotamica and to provide parameters of a preparation routinely used in traditional folk medicine. For genotoxicity assays, five groups were used with eight wistar rats in each group. For this, three doses of the V. megapotamica extract in doses (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) or negative control (filtered water) were administered orally and positive control cyclophosphamide monohydrate (20 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich®) was applied by the intraperitoneal route after 24 h. At the end, whole blood was collected in a tube containing EDTA for the comet test and later the animals were euthanized. For the micronucleus test, femurs were removed, and bone marrow was collected. In the comet assay, V. megapotamica crude extract did not show significant DNA damage at all doses tested. The micronucleus assay showed no significant increase in the frequency of inducing micronuclei at any dose examined. It can be concluded that the safety parameters in genotoxicity studies reveal that V. megapotamica has no toxicity, which characterizes the important quality control of this plant species.

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Malaria is a global public health problem that causes approximately 445 000 deaths annually worldwide, especially in underdeveloped countries. Because of the high prevalence and mortality of the disease, new and less toxic therapeutic agents need to be developed, such as MEFAS, a low-cost hybrid salt that consists of artesunate and mefloquine. However, the efficacy of MEFAS has been systematically demonstrated, its safety requires further investigation. This study investigated the acute toxicity of MEFAS and its precursors, artesunate, and mefloquine. A total of 42 female Swiss mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6/group) that were treated orally by gavage with vehicle (filtered water, negative control), MEFAS (50, 500, and 1000 mg/kg), and 1:1 concentrations of artesunate + mefloquine (50, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). Clinical signs of toxicity were observed for 14 d after treatment. On day 15, the animals were weighed, deeply anesthetized with isoflurane, and euthanized for subsequent collection of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The relative organ weights were determined, followed by histopathological analysis. Artesunate + mefloquine produced toxic effects compared with the negative control group, reflected by changes in clinical signs, relative organ weights, and histopathological alterations. In MEFAS-treated animals, no changes were observed compared with the negative control group. These findings demonstrate that MEFAS is safer than artesunate + mefloquine after acute administration in mice.

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