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BACKGROUND: The implementation of artificial intelligence brings with it a great change in health care, however, there is a discrepancy about the perceptions and attitudes that dental students present towards these new technologies. METHODS: The study design was observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional. A total of 200 dental students who met the inclusion criteria were surveyed online. For the qualitative variables, descriptive statistical measures were obtained, such as absolute and relative frequencies. For the comparison of the main variables with the type of educational institution, sex and level of education, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used according to the established assumptions with a level of statistical significance of p < 0.05 and a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS: The results indicated that 86% of the students surveyed agreed that artificial intelligence will lead to great advances in dentistry. However, 45% of the participants disagreed that artificial intelligence would replace dentists in the future. In addition, the respondents agreed that the use of artificial intelligence should be part of undergraduate and postgraduate studies with 67% and 72% agreement rates respectively. CONCLUSION: The attitudes and perceptions of the students indicate that 86% agreed that artificial intelligence will lead to great advances in dentistry. This suggests a bright future for the relationship between dentists and artificial intelligence.

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Aim: To determine the effects of e-cigarette use on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in young people in Metropolitan Lima. Materials and Methods: This observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed with 189 individuals (age, 18­29 years) who used electronic cigarettes. The OHIP-Sp5 instrument was used to assess OHRQOL. Results: The use of e-cigarettes was higher among male participants (47.79%) than that among the female participants (26.32%). The mean OHRQOL scores of individuals who did and did not use e-cigarettes were 3.17 (2.26) and 3.12 (2.47), respectively These scores for people who did and did not use mouthwash were 2.92 (2.34) and 3.57 (2.43), respectively. Regarding orofacial pain 2.65% participants frequently re-ported "painful discomfort" and 7.41% of the young people presented such discomfort of orofacial aspect "frequently." Conclusions: Recording e-cigarette uses and frequency in patients' medical records is important, as well as incorporating educational strategies to reduce e-cigarette consumption and avoiding harmful effects on general health.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto en la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en los jóvenes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en un total de 189 jóvenes con edades comprendidas de 18 a 29 años que son usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos. Para evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral se utilizó el instrumento "OHIP-Sp5". Resultados: Se determinó que los participantes del sexo masculino (47.79%) son los que más utilizan el cigarrillo electrónico en comparación a las participantes del sexo femenino (26.32%). Se observó una calidad de vida relacionada a la salud oral media de 3,17 (2,26) para los usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos, mientras que para los no usuarios de cigarrillos electrónicos la media fue de 3,12 (2,47). Asimismo, para los que usan enjuagues bucales se encontró una media de 2.92(2.34), a diferencia de los que no hacían uso del mismo que presentaban peor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral con una media de 3.57(2.43). En cuanto a dolor orofacial el 2.65% de los participantes referían "molestias dolorosas" a menudo y el 7.41% de los jóvenes presentaban dicho disconfort de la apariencia orofacial "a menudo". Conclusión: El registro del uso y frecuencia del cigarrillo electrónico en la historia clínica de los pacientes es de suma importancia, así como incorporar estrategias educativas para reducir el consumo de los vapeadores y evitar efectos nocivos en la salud general.

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Viral mimetics is a noteworthy strategy to design efficient delivery systems without the safety drawbacks and engineering difficulties of modifying viral vectors. The triblock polypeptide CSB was previously designed de novo to self-assemble with DNA into nanocomplexes called artificial virus-like particles (AVLPs) due to their similarities to viral particles. Here, we show how we can incorporate new blocks into the CSB polypeptide to enhance its transfection without altering its self-assembly capabilities and the stability and morphology of the AVLPs. The addition of a short peptide (aurein) and/or a large protein (transferrin) to the AVLPs improved their internalization and specific targeting to cells by up to 11 times. Overall, these results show how we can further program the cellular uptake of the AVLPs with a wide range of bioactive blocks. This can pave the way to develop programmable and efficient gene delivery systems.

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Due to its anticonvulsant properties, cannabidiol can be supportive as an adjuvant therapy in the management of drug resistant epilepsy. This retrospective observational study evaluates the intensity and frequency of the seizures of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy that have been treated with antiepileptic medication associated with CBD in low doses for at least 12 months. Thirty-four patients were included in the study. The most frequent diagnosis of epilepsy was focal symptomatic epilepsy and Lennox−Gastaut syndrome (35.2%). During the follow-up, there was a statistically significant decrease in the seizure frequency (t student p < 0.001). A high proportion of patients, 16, concluded the study with a total control of the seizures reaching a 100% improvement, 12 reported ≥ 75% improvement, 3 ≥ 50%, and 2 ≥ 25%; only 1 patient had an improvement of less than 25%. This is the first Latin American study that demonstrates that long-term CBD added to the usual drugs significantly reduces the frequency, duration, and type of seizures in the different etiologies of epilepsy, being especially effective on the seizures that are the most incapacitating, improving the quality of life of the individual and their family.

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Adipocytes are the main cell type in adipose tissue, which is a critical regulator of metabolism, highly specialized in storing energy as fat. Adipocytes differentiate from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) through adipogenesis, a tightly controlled differentiation process involving close interplay between metabolic transitions and sequential programs of gene expression. However, the specific gears driving this interplay remain largely obscure. Additionally, the metabolite nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is becoming increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism, and a promising therapeutic target for dyslipidemia and obesity. Here, we explored how NAD+ bioavailability controls adipogenic differentiation from hMSC. We found a previously unappreciated repressive role for NAD+ on adipocyte commitment, while a functional NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 appeared crucial for terminal differentiation of pre-adipocytes. Repressing NAD+ biosynthesis during adipogenesis promoted the adipogenic transcriptional program, while two-photon microscopy and extracellular flux analyses suggest that SIRT1 activity mostly relies on the metabolic switch. Interestingly, SIRT1 controls subcellular compartmentalization of redox metabolism during adipogenesis.

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Case: We herein present a case involving a 23-year-old man with an open fracture of the distal portion of the left femoral diaphysis, substantial bone loss, and soft tissue injuries. He was initially treated with antibiotics, limb stabilization, and surgical debridement. On the sixth day, he underwent internal fixation and fibular strut graft placement for bone defect restoration. After 4 years, osteosynthesis, perfect graft integration and consolidation, excellent knee functionality, and painless gait were evident. Conclusion: Preservation of bone and soft tissue vitality, complete debridement, antibiotic therapy, and early limb stabilization are all crucial factors for restoring knee functionality.

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el uso constante de material punzocortante e instrumental rotatorio y la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral del paciente representan un peligro latente de contagio en los estudiantes de odonto-logía. El objetivo del estudio fuedeterminar la asociación entre los conocimientos y las actitudes sobre accidentes ocupacionales en prácticas clínicas de alumnos de odontología de una clínica universitaria de Lima (Perú). Materiales y métodos:estudio observacional, analítico de asociación y transversal. El universo incluyó 156 alumnos. Los conocimientos y las actitudes se evaluaron mediante una encuesta adaptada de 24 preguntas, previa validación interna por juicio de expertos. Se calcularon proporcio-nes para las variables cualitativas y medidas de tendencia central (mediana) para la variable edad. De la misma manera, se usaron la prueba de chi-cuadrado para comparar las variables cualitativas y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para comparar las variables cualitativas con la variable cuantitativa edad. Se aceptó una significancia de 0.05. Resultados: el 78.2 % de los participantes tuvo un conocimiento alto frente al manejo de accidentes ocupacionales; de la misma manera, el 72.4 % manifestó una actitud posi-tiva. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (p > 0.05) entre las variables conocimien-tos y actitud. Por otro lado, el 69.1 % de los estudiantes sufrió al menos un accidente ocupacional durante sus prácticas clínicas, en su mayoría causado por el explorador (65.1 %). Conclusiones:no se encontró asociación significativa entre las variables conocimiento y actitud; sin embargo, una gran cantidad de estudiantes sufrieron al menos un accidente ocupacional.

The constant use of sharp materials and rotating instruments and the bacterial flora pres-ent in the oral cavity of patients represent a persistent risk of infection among dental students. This study was designed to determine the association between the level of knowledge and attitude toward postex-posure management of occupational accidents in the clinical practice of dental students at a university clinic in Lima, Peru.Materials and Methods:This was an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study. The study sample consisted of 156 dentistry students. The students' level of knowledge and atti-tude was evaluated using an adapted survey consisting of 24 questions, after the internal validation by expert judgment. Proportions were calculated for qualitative variables and central tendency measures (median) for the age variable. In the same way, the chi-square test and Mann­Whitney U test were used to determine variable associations. Significance was set at 0.05.Results: Of the study participants, 78.2% had high knowledge of occupational accident management; moreover, 72.4% demonstrated a positive attitude. No statistically significant association (p > 0.05) was found between the knowledge and attitude variables. Furthermore, 69.1% of the students had at least one occupational accident during their clin-ical practice, prevailing the explorer with 65.1%. Conclusions: No association was found between the knowledge and attitude variables; however, several students had at least one occupational accident.

a rotina de uso constante de material perfurocortante, instrumentos rotativos e a flora bacte-riana contida na cavidade oral do paciente representam um perigo latente de contágio em estudantes de odontologia. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a associação entre o nível de conhecimento e atitudes sobre acidentes de trabalho em práticas clínicas de estudantes de odontologia de uma clínica universi-tária em Lima (Peru). Materiaisemétodos: estudo observacional, analítico de associação e transversal. O universo amostral incluiu 156 estudantes do curso de odontologia. O nível de conhecimento e atitudes foram avaliados por meio de um questionário adaptado de 24 questões, após validação interna por espe-cialistas. Foram calculadas proporções para as variáveis qualitativas, e medidas de tendência central (mediana) para a variável idade. Da mesma forma, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para a comparação das variáveis qualitativas e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para a comparação das variáveis qualitativas com a variável quantitativa idade. Foi aceito um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: 78,2% dos parti-cipantes apresentaram alto conhecimento sobre o gerenciamento de acidentes de trabalho; da mesma forma, 72,4% expressaram uma atitude positiva. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente signi-ficativa (p > 0,05) entre as variáveis conhecimento e atitude. Por outro lado, 69,1% dos alunos sofreram pelo menos um acidente de trabalho durante suas práticas clínicas, em sua maioria causado pelo explora-dor, com 65,1%. Conclusões: não foi encontrada associação significativa entre as variáveis conhecimento e atitude, no entanto, grande parte dos estudantes sofreu pelo menos um acidente de trabalho.

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Resumen Introducción: Diversos estudios han demostrado que los padres aún no cuentan con el conocimiento suficiente sobre el uso de pastas dentales que deben consumir sus hijos. Muchos de ellos desconocen desde que edad se debe empezar con el uso de pastas dentales, la cantidad exacta que se debe colocar en el cepillo y sobre todo con qué frecuencia se deben cepillar. Objetivo: Asociar el nivel de conocimiento de los padres sobre el uso de pastas dentales con las características asociadas a la ingesta estimada de fluoruro en niños entre los 6 meses a 8 años de Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se realizó el cuestionario a 264 padres de familia residentes en Lima Metropolitana y Callao durante los meses de julio a septiembre del 2020. Se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para el análisis bivariado, se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado de El nivel de significancia estadística fue de 0.05. Resultados: Se observa que el 52.94% de los padres, así como el 60.41% de las madres presentan un nivel medio de conocimiento sobre el uso de pastas dentales con flúor. Además, se obtuvo que el 56.25% de los padres que afirmaron que sus hijos no se enjuagan con agua después del cepillado presentan un nivel alto de conocimiento sobre el uso de pastas dentales con flúor. Conclusión: Se obtuvo que el 57.58% de los padres tenían un nivel medio de conocimiento sobre el uso de pastas dentales con flúor. Se encontró asociación entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre el uso de pastas dentales con flúor y las características asociadas a la ingesta estimada de fluoruro.

Abstract Introduction: Various studies have shown that parents still do not have sufficient knowledge about the use of toothpastes that their children should consume. Many of them do not know from what age to start using toothpastes, the exact amount to be placed on the brush and especially how often they should be brushed. Aim: To associate the level of knowledge of parents about the use of toothpastes with the characteristics associated with the estimated intake of fluoride in children between 6 months to 8 years of Metropolitan Lima and Callao. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive, and crosssectional study. The questionnaire was carried out on 264 parents residing in Metropolitan Lima and Callao during the months of July to September 2020. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. For the bivariate analysis, the Chi-square test of the level of statistical significance was used was 0.05. Results: It is observed that 52.94% of the fathers, as well as 60.41% of the mothers present a medium level of knowledge about the use of fluoride toothpastes. In addition, it was found that 56.25% of parents who stated that their children do not rinse with water after brushing have a high level of knowledge about the use of fluoride toothpastes. Conclusion: It was found that the 57.58% of parents had a median level of knowledge about the use of fluoride toothpastes. An association was found between the level of knowledge about the use of fluoride toothpastes and the characteristics associated with the estimated fluoride intake.

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Resumen Las técnicas de estimación de edad dental tienen gran importancia en la evaluación odontológica, específicamente en el área de ortodoncia, académica y forense. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la edad dental según los métodos de Demirjian, Nolla y Cameriere con la edad cronológica en una población peruana. El diseño del estudio es de tipo observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo; tuvo una población total de 578 radiografías panorámicas de sujetos de 6 a 14 años, en las cuales se calculó la diferencia de medias de un estudio previo y, finalmente, fueron seleccionadas 193 de forma aleatoria. Se compararon la edad cronológica (EC) y la edad dental (ED) según los métodos de Nolla, Demirjian y Cameriere, utilizando las Pruebas de Rangos de Wilcoxon y Kruskall Wallis. Las medias de la EC fueron de 8,77±2,34 y 8,90±2,04 años para el género femenino y masculino, respectivamente. Las diferencias de medias de la EC y ED, de acuerdo con los métodos Nolla, Demirjian y Cameriere, fue de -0,38, 0,96 y -0,29 años, respectivamente, para la muestra total de estudio. Se encontró una correlación positiva para los tres métodos estudiados; sin embargo, el método de Demirjian mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con una subestimación de -0,91 años en la muestra total. Asimismo, el método de Cameriere fue el que tuvo más cercanía a la edad cronológica.

Abstract Dental age estimation techniques have great importance in dental evaluation, specifically in the orthodontic, academic, and forensic areas. The aim of this study was to compare the dental age according to the Demirjian, Nolla and Cameriere methods with the chronological age in a Peruvian population. This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study, which had a total population of 578 panoramic radiographs of subjects aged 6 to 14 years, where the difference in means from a previous study was calculated, and 193 subjects were finally randomly selected. The chronological ages (CA) and dental ages (DA) were compared using the Wilcoxon and Kruskall Wallis Range Tests. The means were 8.77 ± 2.34 and 8.90 ± 2.04 years of the CA for the female and male genders, respectively. The difference in means of the CA and DA according to the Nolla, Demirjian and Cameriere methods were -0.38, 0.96 and -0.21 years, respectively, for the total study sample. A positive correlation was found for the three methods studied; however, the Demirjian method showed a statistically significant difference with an underestimation of -0.91 years in the total sample. Also, the method of Cameriere was the closest to the chronological age.

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BACKGROUND: Tibial plateau fractures are traumatic injuries with severities ranging from nondisplaced to complicated fractures. This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of patients with tibial plateau fractures treated in five trauma clinics. METHODS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 1165 patients with tibial plateau fractures treated between December 2015 and May 2017. Subjects were selected from the medical records of five institutions based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Age, sex, laterality, fracture type, trauma mechanism, vehicle type, classification, and associated injuries were assessed via univariate and bivariate analyses. RESULTS: In total, 23.3% of patients with tibial fractures treated during the study period had tibial plateau fractures. Of those affected, 73% were men and 50% were younger than 40 years. Furthermore, 95.7% of fractures were caused by traffic accidents, 82.6% of which involved motorcycles. Fractures were closed in 93.1% of cases, and 78% of subjects had associated injuries. The most common fractures, according to Schatzker classification, were type VI (23%) and V (19.1%) fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Tibial plateau fractures are frequent injuries in our setting and mostly occur in men in their 30 s and 40 s. These fractures are typically caused by motorcycle traffic accidents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

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