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Passive transplacental immunity is crucial for neonatal protection from infections. Data on the correlation between neonatal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and protection from adverse outcomes is scarce. This work aimed to describe neonatal seropositivity in the context of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, seropositivity, and neonatal outcomes. This retrospective nested case-control study enrolled high-risk pregnant women with a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive test who gave birth at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología in Mexico City and their term neonates. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in maternal and cord blood samples were detected using a chemiluminescent assay. In total, 63 mother-neonate dyads (mean gestational age 38.4 weeks) were included. Transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 IgG occurred in 76% of neonates from seropositive mothers. A positive association between maternal IgG levels and Cycle threshold (Ct) values of RT-qPCR test for SARS-CoV-2 with neonatal IgG levels was observed. Regarding neonatal outcomes, most seropositive neonates did not require any mechanical ventilation, and none developed any respiratory morbidity (either in the COVID-19 positive or negative groups) compared to 7 seronegative neonates. Furthermore, the odds of neonatal respiratory morbidity exhibited a tendency to decrease when neonatal IgG levels increase. These results add further evidence suggesting passive IgG transfer importance.

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Preterm neonates are at high risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases which require antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics influence neonatal gut microbiome development, and intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with delayed gastrointestinal transit. Neonates who take less time to pass meconium have a better tolerance to enteral feeding. We analyzed the effect of neonatal antibiotic treatment on the stool pattern and oral tolerance in 106 preterm infants < 33 weeks gestational age. Neonates were classified in 3 groups according to neonatal antibiotic (ABT) treatment days: no antibiotics, 3−7 d ABT, and ≥8 d ABT. Preterm infants from the ≥8 d ABT group took longer to pass meconium and to start green and yellow stools, took longer to reach 100 and 150 mL/kg/day, and reached reduced volumes in enteral feeds at day of life 14 and 28 than infants from no ABT and 3−7 d ABT groups. Multiple linear regression models showed that neonatal antibiotic treatment, birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, surfactant, enteral feeding start day, neonatal parenteral nutrition, and neonatal fasting days are associated with the stool pattern and oral tolerance in preterm infants.

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(1) This study aimed to evaluate characteristics, perinatal outcomes, and placental pathology of pregnant women with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of maternal PCR cycle threshold (CT) values. (2) This was a retrospective case-control study in a third-level health center in Mexico City with universal screening by RT-qPCR. The association of COVID-19 manifestations, preeclampsia, and preterm birth with maternal variables and CT values were assessed by logistic regression models and decision trees. (3) Accordingly, 828 and 298 women had a negative and positive test, respectively. Of those positive, only 2.6% of them presented mild to moderate symptoms. Clinical characteristics between both groups of women were similar. No associations between CT values were found for maternal features, such as pre-gestational BMI, age, and symptomatology. A significantly higher percentage of placental fibrinoid was seen with women with low CTs (<25; p < 0.01). Regarding perinatal outcomes, preeclampsia was found to be significantly associated with symptomatology but not with risk factors or CT values (p < 0.01, aOR = 14.72). Moreover, 88.9% of women diagnosed with COVID-19 at <35 gestational weeks and symptomatic developed preeclampsia. (4) The data support strong guidance for pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection, in particular preeclampsia and placental pathology, which need further investigation.

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(1) Background: The relationship between enteral nutrition and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among premature neonates is still unclear. The present work was designed to assess the relationship between NEC and feeding strategies compared to control infants. (2) Methods: A retrospective case-control study of premature infants (<35 weeks' gestation) with or without NEC that examined feeding practices and clinical characteristics at birth and 3, 7, and 14-day hospitalization, with a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. (3) Results: A total of 100 newborns with NEC diagnosis and 92 neonates without the disease with similar demographic and clinical characteristics were included. The median day of NEC diagnosis was 15 days (Interquartile Range (IQR) 5-25 days). A significantly higher number of neonates that were fasting on days 7 and 14 developed NEC (p < 0.05). In the longitudinal analysis, generalized linear and mixed models were fit to evaluate NEC association with feeding strategies and showed that exclusive mother's own milk (MM) and fortified human milk (FHM) across time were significantly less likely associated with NEC (p < 0.001) and that enteral fasting was positively related with NEC. In the cross-sectional analysis, a binary logistic regression model was fit and predicted 80.7% of NEC cases. MM was also found to correlate with a reduced risk for NEC (OR 0.148, 95% CI 0.044-0.05, p = 0.02), and in particular, on day 14, several factors were related to a decreased odd for NEC, including birth weight, antenatal steroids, and the use of FHM (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: MM and FHM were associated with less NEC compared to fasting on days 7 and 14. Feeding practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) should promote exclusive MM across the two-week critical period as a potential guideline to improve NEC outcome.

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Introducción: El cólico del lactante se caracteriza por episodios de llanto intenso, presente desde las primeras semanas de vida con una etiología multifactorial. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de conocimiento de embarazadas acerca del cólico infantil y detectar los aspectos del tema en que se debe hacer énfasis en los cursos de capacitación a mujeres gestantes. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, con la aplicación de una encuesta a pacientes embarazadas. La encuesta se construyó para identificar causas de cólico, síntomas y signos, tiempo de duración del cólico, edad más frecuente de presentación y tratamiento. El conocimiento materno se clasificó en: adecuado, moderado y una idea acerca del tema. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y para la comparación de grupos la prueba de χ². Resultados: Se aplicaron 124 encuestas. El 50% fueron primigestas y 19 embarazadas (15.3%) resultaron adolescentes. El signo que se relacionó con mayor frecuencia con el cólico fue la expresión de dolor en la cara del niño. Un conocimiento adecuado se tuvo en cuatro mujeres (3.2%), un conocimiento moderado en 63 (50.8%) y 57 (46%) tuvieron una idea acerca del tema. El grupo de adolescentes tuvo menos conocimiento del tema (p = 0.04). Conclusiones: Es necesario proporcionar información y capacitar a las embarazadas en los aspectos de duración del cólico, signos y síntomas. Se debe hacer énfasis en los beneficios de la leche materna.

Introduction: Infantile colic is characterized by episodes of intense crying. It is present since the first weeks of life with a multifactorial etiology. Objective: To determine the degree of knowledge of pregnant women about infant colic, by using a survey and identify topics of this theme that should be emphasized in prenatal training courses. Material and methods: We performed an observational, cross-sectional survey in pregnant patients. We designed a survey to explore mother's knowledge about causes of infantile colic, symptoms and signs, duration of colic, frequent presentation age and treatment. The maternal knowledge was classified as: adequate (9-12 hits), moderate (5-8 hits) and an idea about the subject (1-4 hits). Descriptive statistics were used, to compare groups we used χ2 test. Results: 124 surveys were applied. Of the pregnant women studied, 50% were nulliparous and 19 (15.3%) were in teenage. The sign that is most often associated with colic was the pained expression on the face of the babe. Of the 124 surveys, adequate knowledge was identified in 4 women (3.2%), moderate knowledge in 63 (50.8%) and 57 (46%) only have an idea about the subject. The group with less knowledge was the teenagers (p = 0.04). Conclusions: It is necessary give information to pregnant women, in the topic of infantile colic, and emphasize of the benefits of breast feeding.

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Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la endoscopia digestiva diagnóstica y terapéutica en el periodo neonatal. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión electrónica en bases de datos MEDLINE y PubMed entre los años 1984-2009 con las siguientes palabras bronchoscopy, endoscopy neonatal. Se incluyeron artículos de revisión bibliográfica y descripción de series de casos. Para el análisis de la información se describen los diferentes artículos. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 850 artículos de endoscopia pediátrica, de los cuales sólo 20 fueron elegidos y revisados para el reporte de resultados de los recién nacidos. Las variables estudiadas fueron indicación, contraindicaciónes, hallazgos y manejo terapéutico. Conclusión: La endoscopia es una herramienta segura y efectiva para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las diversas entidades patológicas del recién nacido, siempre y cuando se realice por un equipo multidisciplinario.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy in pediatric age, with emphasis on neonatal period. Material and methods: We performed an electronic review of internet databases MEDLINE and PUBMED, from 1984-2009. The search used the following keywords bronchoscopy, endoscopy and neonatal. The types of study included were: literature review and description of series of cases. For the information analysis, the different articles were described. Results: Of the 850 articles found, only 20 were selected and reviewed. The variables studied were indication, contraindication, findings and therapeutic management. Conclusion: Bronchoscopy is a safe and effective tool for diagnosis and treatment of several pathologies of the new born, when it was carried out by a multidisciplinary team.

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Introducción: La hemorragia intraventricular (HIV) es una complicación en el recién nacido prematuro y su incidencia aumenta inversamente en relación a la edad gestacional y peso al nacer. Las medidas de cuidado y tratamiento en los recién nacidos con HIV van cambiando con el tiempo, el objetivo del estudio fue conocer los principales factores asociados a la HIV en la población de estudio, y considerar las medidas tendientes a disminuir esta patología. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de casos de recién nacidos prematuros, con diagnóstico de HIV egresados de las terapias neonatales durante el año 2009. Se analizaron variables maternas y neonatales mediante estadística descriptiva y se determinaron factores asociados a la gravedad de la HIV por medio del cálculo de razón de momios (OR) con intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: La frecuencia de HIV fue de 6.1% y de acuerdo a la gravedad de la HIV, el grado I ocurrió en el 62%, grado II en 22%, grado III en el 13% y en 3% grado IV. Los factores asociados a hemorragia grado III y IV, fueron peso < 1,000 g con OR 5.75 (1.35, 24.49), Apgar menor de 6 a los cinco minutos con OR de 22.71 (2.06, 249.5) y enterocolitis necrosante con OR de 8 (1.78, 35.93). Conclusiones: El neonato pretérmino es de riesgo para el desarrollo de hemorragia intraventricular. En la población estudiada, los factores asociados a HIV grado III y IV fueron el peso menor a 1,000 g, Apgar bajo y ECN.

Introduction: The intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a complication of the preterm infants and the incidence is inversely related to gestational age and birth weight. The care and treatment of those babies with IVH has been changing over time. Objective: determine the factors associated in the development of IVH in the study group and also consider measures to reduce this pathology. Material and methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was designed to assess premature infants with IVH, at the time of discharge from the neonatal therapy during 2009. Maternal and neonatal conditions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and factors associated with the severity of the IVH with odds ratio and (CI 95%). Results: The overall rate of IVH was 6.1%. Grade I occurred in 62%, grade II in 22%, grade III in 13% and grade IV, 3%. Birth weight less 1000 g (5.75, 1.35-24.49), Apgar score 4-6 at five minutes (22.71, 2.06-249.5) and necrotizing enterocolitis (8, 1.78-35.93), were associated with IVH grade III and IV. Conclusion: Preterm infants are of risk for developing intraventricular hemorrhage. In this study, birth weight less 1,000 g, low Apgar score and necrotizing enterocolitis were associated with IVH grade III and IV.

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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y características del tabaquismo en trabajadores del Instituto Nacional de Perinatologta, para establecer las bases de un programa institucional. Material y métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario de 33 preguntas basado en Fargerström. Siete reactivos fueron abiertos y los demás de opción múltiple. Se utilizó un muestreo probabiltstico estratificado por turnos laborales. Resultados: Veintiocho por ciento de los entrevistados refirió fumar y el hábito fue más frecuente en varones. Los perfiles de resultados fueron semejantes a los informados en la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, versiones 1988 y 2002, lo mismo que en el estudio de prevalencia de fumadores de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias en 1999, pero se notó una mayor disposición a dejar el tabaco en nuestra población. Conclusiones: Dados los resultados informados, es importante implantar un programa antitabaco en el INPer.

Objective: This research intended to determine the prevalence and characteristics of addiction to nicotine among people working at the National Institute of Perinatology (Instituto Nacional de Perinatologta, INPer), so the problem could be appraised. Material and methods: Researchers administered a questionnaire that included 33 questions based upon Fargerstrom test. From those 33 questions, seven were open-ended and the rest were multiple-choice type. Data were collected using a stratified non-probabilistic sampling, according to working shifts. Results: Profiles of results are similar to those shown in the National Survey on Drug Abuse (1998, 2000), and to the ones yielded by the research on prevalence of smokers in the National Health Institutes conducted by the INER in 1997, which showed that employees of the INPer were well-disposed to quit smoking. Conclusion: Based upon the results, researchers concluded that it is important to implement an anti-tobacco program for workers of the National Institute of Perinatology (Instituto Nacional de Perinatologta, INPer).

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Objetivo: Analizar la mortalidad neonatal precoz en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología de acuerdo con características perinatales y tiempo de vida. Material y métodos: Análisis de casos en donde se estudiaron las variables: peso, edad gestacional al nacer, causa de muerte y tiempo de vida. Se reportan frecuencias, tasas de mortalidad, tasa de incidencia (por 1,000 nacidos vivos), probabilidad de supervivencia y tablas de sobrevida. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad fue de 17.13 y la tasa de incidencia de 2.48 muertes/día. Las principales causas de muerte fueron: defectos al nacimiento (34%) e inmadurez (27.8%). De acuerdo con el tiempo de vida, 34.4% de las muertes ocurrieron de 1-59 minutos, 32.4% de 1-23 horas y 33.2% de 1-7 días. Se reporta una relación inversa entre las tasas con el peso y la edad gestacional. La probabilidad de supervivencia fue menor en los menores de 1,000 g y en los menores de 25 semanas de gestación. Conclusiones: La menor mortalidad se reportó en neonatos mayores de 750 g y 26 semanas. Las principales causas de muerte fueron los defectos al nacimiento y la inmadurez.

Objective: The early neonatal mortality was analyzed based on perinatal characteristics and time of neonatal death at the Insituto Nacional de Perinatología. Material and methods: To analyze the cases, we considered birth weight, gestational age, primary causes of death, and time of neonatal death. Rate of neonatal mortality and incidence (per 1,000 live births) and survival tables were reported. Results: The neonatal mortality rate was 17.13; the incidence was 2.48 deaths/day. Congenital birth defects (34%) and immaturity (27%) were the principal causes of death. According to the time of death, 34.4% of the deaths happened in the first 59 minutes, 32.4% from one to 23 hours, and 33.2% from one to seven days. There was an inverse relationship between rates, related with birth weight and gestational age. The probability of survival was less in neonates with a weight less than 1,000 g and below 25 weeks. Conclusions: Those neonates whose birth weight was above 750 g and gestational age above 26 weeks had a low mortality rate. The main causes of death were congenital birth defects and immaturity.

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El objetivo de este estudio es el de conocer el comportamiento anual de las tasas crudas de mortalidad fetal y neonatal en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, en el período coprendido de 1987 a 1997, así como las tasas específicas por peso al nacer, edad gestacional, causa básica de defunción, preventibilidad e identificación de problemas de estructura y proceso, éstos últimos como elementos de calidad de la atención médica, a través del análisis que el Comité de Mortalidad Perinatal realiza de cada una de las muertes perinatales que ocurren en la institución. En el certificado de defunción basado en lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se consignaron: antecedentes maternos, evolución del embarazo, atención del parto, datos del producto, hallazgos de necropsia, resultados de cultivos, causas básicas de defunción de origen materno y fetal/neonatal, preventibilidad e identificación de problemas de estructura y/o proceso. La información se capturó en programas de cómputo y el análisis de la información se expresó en tasas. La tasa de mortalidad fetal en 1987 se informó en 17.67 x 1,000 nacidos y en 1997 en 21.05 x 1,000 nacidos con una tendencia al alza en 1992 y posteriormente en descenso. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal descendió de 42.82 a 17.34 x 1,000 nacidos vivos. Las tasas en ese mismo lapso más elevadas se observaron en los productos de menor peso y edad gestacional. La causa de defunción más frecuente de origen materno tanto en muerte fetal como neonatal es la ruptura prematura de membranas y como causa de origen fetal la hipoxia anteparto y en los neonatos la prematuridad e inmaturidad. El porcentaje de muertes prevenibles ha disminuido encontrándose por debajo del 10 por ciento. La mortalidad perinatal en el Instituto ha disminuido de 1987 a 1997 a expensas de la tasa de mortalidad neonatal. Mejorar la calidad de la atención, enfocándose fundamentalmente en los problemas de proceso, permitirá que las tasas de mortalidad prevenible disminuyan

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