RESUMO
Nucleotides are important to cell growth and division and are crucial to the rapid proliferation of such cells as the intestinal mucosa and immune cells. Accordingly, the nucleotide requirements of animals are high during periods of rapid growth and periods of stress like post-weaning period. Thus, nucleotide supplementation may be a possible alternative to in-feed antibiotics as growth promoter in this phase. The study aimed to evaluate dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics on performance and gut health of weaned piglets. Ninety-six 21-day-old piglets, weighing 7.44⯱â¯0.65â¯kg, were allocated into 1 of 3 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 4 pigs per pen) in a 14-day trial. Dietary treatments consisted of control: corn-soybean meal-based diet; nucleotides: control +2â¯g/kg of a nutritional additive with purified nucleotides; and antibiotic: control +0.8â¯g/kg of antibiotic growth promoter based on colistin and tylosin. Performance variables and fecal score were not affected (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) by supplementing nucleotide or antibiotic. Nucleotides treatment had similar effect to antibiotic and superior to control (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) on enhancing duodenum villus height, jejunum crypt depth, and reduction of Paneth cellular area. Duodenum and ileum of animals supplemented with nucleotides or antibiotics had higher (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) number of proliferating cells than did those of control animals, whereas the jejunum of animals that received antibiotic diets presented more (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) proliferating cells than either the nucleotides or control animals. Jejunum of nucleotide-treated piglets showed a greater number of apoptotic cells than those fed antibiotic or control diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Nucleotides and antibiotic treatments decreased the B lymphocyte counts in duodenum and ileum (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) but increased in the jejunum (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), when compared to the control treatment. Relative abundance of mitogen-activated protein kinases-6, haptoglobin, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA was not influenced (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) by treatments. In the ileal, antibiotic supplementation reduced total bacteria quantification compared to nucleotide supplementation or the control (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), whereas nucleotides supplementation increased enterobacteria proliferation compared to the antibiotic or control diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, nucleotides and antibiotic reduced (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) colon total bacteria quantification when compared to control. These results suggest that the nucleotides source used to weaned piglets improved gut health by modulating the local immune response and modulating intestinal mucosa development, and, therefore, nucleotides may be an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Antibacterianos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Mucosa Intestinal , Nucleotídeos , Suínos , DesmameRESUMO
Realizou-se o trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da ordem de parto sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas lactantes. Foram utilizadas 200 porcas lactantes, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos: 1ª e 2ª; 3ª a 5ª; 6ª e 7ª; e 8ª a 11ª ordem de parto, com 40, 81, 32 e 47 repetições, respectivamente. A ordem de parto não influenciou (P>0,05) o número de leitões desmamados, peso dos leitões e leitegada ao desmame, ganho de peso dos leitões e leitegada, e mortalidade. Verificou-se maior (P<0,05) ocorrência total e percentual de diarreias em leitões de porcas de terceira a quinta ordem de parto. O pior escore fecal foi verificado em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. A ordem de parto também influenciou (P<0,05) o percentual de incidência média diária de diarreia nos leitões, com maior incidência em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. Concluiu-se que a ordem de parto das porcas não influencia o desempenho produtivo das porcas lactantes, ainda que leitões oriundos de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto apresentem maior incidência diária de diarreia e maior grau de severidade das diarreias...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of parturition order on the productive performance of lactating sows. In a completely randomized design, 200 lactating cows were allocated to four treatments: 1st and 2nd, 3rd to 5th, 6th and 7th and 8th to 11th parturition order, with 40, 81, 32 and 47 repetitions, respectively. The parturition order did not influence (P>0.05) the number of weaned piglets, weight of piglets and litter at weaning, weight gain of piglets and litter, or mortality. A higher (P<0.05) total and percent occurrence of diarrhea was observed in piglets of third to fifth parturition sows. The worst fecal score was found in piglets born to first and second parturition sows. The parturition order also influenced (P<0.05) the mean daily incidence of diarrhea in piglets, with a higher incidence in piglets of first and second parturition sows. In conclusion, parturition order did not influence the productive performance of lactating sows, although piglets born to first and second parturition sows exhibited a higher daily incidence of diarrhea and more severe symptoms...
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Desmame , Longevidade , Parto , Taxa de Gravidez , SuínosRESUMO
Realizou-se o trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da ordem de parto sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas lactantes. Foram utilizadas 200 porcas lactantes, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos: 1ª e 2ª; 3ª a 5ª; 6ª e 7ª; e 8ª a 11ª ordem de parto, com 40, 81, 32 e 47 repetições, respectivamente. A ordem de parto não influenciou (P>0,05) o número de leitões desmamados, peso dos leitões e leitegada ao desmame, ganho de peso dos leitões e leitegada, e mortalidade. Verificou-se maior (P<0,05) ocorrência total e percentual de diarreias em leitões de porcas de terceira a quinta ordem de parto. O pior escore fecal foi verificado em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. A ordem de parto também influenciou (P<0,05) o percentual de incidência média diária de diarreia nos leitões, com maior incidência em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. Concluiu-se que a ordem de parto das porcas não influencia o desempenho produtivo das porcas lactantes, ainda que leitões oriundos de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto apresentem maior incidência diária de diarreia e maior grau de severidade das diarreias...(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of parturition order on the productive performance of lactating sows. In a completely randomized design, 200 lactating cows were allocated to four treatments: 1st and 2nd, 3rd to 5th, 6th and 7th and 8th to 11th parturition order, with 40, 81, 32 and 47 repetitions, respectively. The parturition order did not influence (P>0.05) the number of weaned piglets, weight of piglets and litter at weaning, weight gain of piglets and litter, or mortality. A higher (P<0.05) total and percent occurrence of diarrhea was observed in piglets of third to fifth parturition sows. The worst fecal score was found in piglets born to first and second parturition sows. The parturition order also influenced (P<0.05) the mean daily incidence of diarrhea in piglets, with a higher incidence in piglets of first and second parturition sows. In conclusion, parturition order did not influence the productive performance of lactating sows, although piglets born to first and second parturition sows exhibited a higher daily incidence of diarrhea and more severe symptoms...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Parto , Taxa de Gravidez , Longevidade , Desmame , SuínosRESUMO
Until now, Pthirus pubis infestation in ancient human populations had only been recorded in the Old World. We found crab lice on South American mummified bodies from the Atacama Desert region. Crab louse eggs were found attached to the pubic hairs of a 2,000-yr-old Chilean mummy. Well-preserved adults were found in sediment and clothing from a Peruvian mummy dated 1,000 yr ago. Paleoparasitological evidence expands the knowledge of the distribution of this ectoparasite in ancient populations. As with many other parasites, pubic lice recorded in Andean populations show the antiquity of this parasite in the New World. It is likely that P. pubis entered the continent with early human migration to the New World.