RESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the possible transmission of tuberculosis among 39 inmates with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis smears in four correctional institutions located in Campinas City, SP, Brazil over a 19-month period. Fifty-one M. tuberculosis isolates from these inmates were characterized according to the number of IS6110 insertion elements present in their genomic DNA. The number of insertion elements in M. tuberculosis isolates varied from two to twelve. The dendrogram of similarity resulted in the grouping the isolates in six main clusters. These results, associated to epidemiological data, suggested the transmission of tuberculosis among inmates of the same and different institutions inmates. Univariate analysis of epidemiological data (total delay for beginning of treatment, previous treatment, and HIV status) and clustering occurrence showed that only "previous treatment" (OR = 7.65, p = 0.032) was associated with the possible transmission of tuberculosis in the studied prisons.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/transmissão , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate the possible transmission of tuberculosis among 39 inmates with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis smears in four correctional institutions located in Campinas City, SP, Brazil over a 19-month period. Fifty-one M. tuberculosis isolates from these inmates were characterized according to the number of IS6110 insertion elements present in their genomic DNA. The number of insertion elements in M. tuberculosis isolates varied from two to twelve. The dendrogram of similarity resulted in the grouping the isolates in six main clusters. These results, associated to epidemiological data, suggested the transmission of tuberculosis among inmates of the same and different institutions inmates. Univariate analysis of epidemiological data (total delay for beginning of treatment, previous treatment, and HIV status) and clustering occurrence showed that only 'previous treatment' (OR = 7.65, p = 0.032) was associated with the possible transmission of tuberculosis in the studied prisons.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/análise , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/transmissão , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Shigella spp are Gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family responsible for "Shigellosis" or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. However, despite this, there are very few epidemiological studies about this bacterium in Brazil. We studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of 60 Shigella strains (30 S. flexneri and 30 S. sonnei) isolated from shigellosis cases in different cities within the metropolitan area of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. We used the following well-characterized molecular techniques: enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, repetitive extragenic palindromic, and double-repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction to characterize the bacteria. Also, the antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by the diffusion disk method. Many strains of S. flexneri and S. sonnei were found to be multi-resistant. S. flexneri strains were resistant to ampicillin in 83.3% of cases, chloramphenicol in 70.0%, streptomycin in 86.7%, sulfamethoxazole in 80.0%, and tetracycline in 80.0%, while a smaller number of strains were resistant to cephalothin (3.3%) and sulfazotrim (10.0%). S. sonnei strains were mainly resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100.0%) and tetracycline (96.7%) and, to a lesser extent, to ampicillin (6.7%) and streptomycin (26.7%). Polymerase chain reaction-based typing supported the existence of specific clones responsible for the shigellosis cases in the different cities and there was evidence of transmission between cities. This clonal structure would probably be the result of selection for virulence and resistance phenotypes. These data indicate that the human sanitary conditions of the cities investigated should be improved.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Shigella flexneri/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella sonnei/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Shigella flexneri/genética , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Shigella sonnei/genética , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Shigella spp are Gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family responsible for "Shigellosis" or bacillary dysentery, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. However, despite this, there are very few epidemiological studies about this bacterium in Brazil. We studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of 60 Shigella strains (30 S. flexneri and 30 S. sonnei) isolated from shigellosis cases in different cities within the metropolitan area of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil. We used the following well-characterized molecular techniques: enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus, repetitive extragenic palindromic, and double-repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction to characterize the bacteria. Also, the antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by the diffusion disk method. Many strains of S. flexneri and S. sonnei were found to be multi-resistant. S. flexneri strains were resistant to ampicillin in 83.3 percent of cases, chloramphenicol in 70.0 percent, streptomycin in 86.7 percent, sulfamethoxazole in 80.0 percent, and tetracycline in 80.0 percent, while a smaller number of strains were resistant to cephalothin (3.3 percent) and sulfazotrim (10.0 percent). S. sonnei strains were mainly resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100.0 percent) and tetracycline (96.7 percent) and, to a lesser extent, to ampicillin (6.7 percent) and streptomycin (26.7 percent). Polymerase chain reaction-based typing supported the existence of specific clones responsible for the shigellosis cases in the different cities and there was evidence of transmission between cities. This clonal structure would probably be the result of selection for virulence and resistance phenotypes. These data indicate that the human sanitary conditions of the cities investigated should be improved.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Disenteria Bacilar/microbiologia , Shigella flexneri/efeitos dos fármacos , Shigella sonnei/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Shigella flexneri/genética , Shigella flexneri/isolamento & purificação , Shigella sonnei/genética , Shigella sonnei/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Twenty-nine Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains were identified in a collection of 2,607 isolates from patients with diarrhea in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1976 to 1999. The STEC strains belonged mainly to serotypes O111:HNM (HNM, nonmotile) (13 of 29 [44.8%]), O111:H8 (7 of 29 [24%]), and O26:H11 (4 of 29 [13.8%]); stx(1) eae (26 of 29 [89.6%]), in combination with either enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA (11 of 26 [42%]) or astA (24 of 26 [92.3%]), prevailed. The O111 STEC strains were distinguished by their inability to decarboxylate lysine. The predominance of STEC O111 and O26 since the late 1970s and the identification of STEC serotypes O55:H19, O93:H19, and O118:H16 in association with human infections in Brazil are described for the first time.