RESUMO

Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a preclinical rodent model for studying post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behaviors. Previously we found that increased expression of the microglial marker Iba-1 in the ventral hippocampus after SPS exposure was associated with impaired fear extinction, suggesting that microglial activity contributed to the SPS-induced behavioral changes. To test this, we examined whether reducing microglia with the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor blocker, PLX3397, in the diet would prevent the SPS-induced extinction impairment. Male rats exposed to SPS showed enhanced fear acquisition and impaired fear extinction memory. Adding PLX3397 to the diet prevented these behavioral changes. In contrast, PLX3397 did not prevent SPS from impairing fear extinction memory in the female rats. Despite the sex-dependent behavioral effects, we found a reduced number and area fraction of Iba-1+ microglia in both male and female rats suggesting that PLX3397 had similar effects on microglia in both sexes. Altogether, these results suggest that microglia contribute to the behavioral changes induced by SPS in male but not female rats.

RESUMO

Increased blood pressure is a leading risk factor for death worldwide, and improving the control of hypertension is a major health goal to reduce non-communicable disease. Thus, in 2016, as part of a regional effort between the Pan American Health Organization and Cuban Ministry of Public Health to reduce cardiovascular risk and disease, a community demonstration project was implemented to enhance hypertension control. The intervention project was in a population of 25 868 people served by the Carlos Verdugo Martínez Polyclinic in Matanzas, Cuba. The project implemented interventions currently recommended in the World Health Organization HEARTS modules, including a standardized clinical training program with certification for blood pressure measurement, routine screening for hypertension in clinics and in the community, a simple directive pharmacologic treatment algorithm, and a registry with performance reporting and feedback. Qualitative and quantitative program monitoring and evaluation was established. In a 2010 national survey, the prevalence of hypertension and the rate of hypertension control were estimated to be 31% and 36%, respectively. Following less than one year of the full implementation of the program, the prevalence of hypertension, proportion of the hypertensive population registered as having hypertension, proportion of those drug-treated who were controlled, and estimated population rate of control were 30%, 90%, 68%, and 58%, respectively. Based on these positive results, the program has been expanded to include another demonstration program initiated in a second region. In addition, preliminary efforts to disseminate and scale-up aspects of the program to the full Cuban population have started.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health problem worldwide. This article's objective is to describe CKD's integration into Cuba's National Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Program and the main outcomes regarding the burden of CKD and associated risk factors in Cuba. Cuba offers free health services to all its citizens on the basis of a strong primary healthcare system focused on prevention. The CKD National Program is coordinated by the Institute of Nephrology and includes the National Program for Prevention of CKD, which addresses all levels of prevention. The following indicators for renal replacement treatment are from 2016. The incidence of new patients on dialysis was 109 per million population (pmp); the two main causes were hypertension (34.4%) and diabetes mellitus (29.2). In 6.3% of patients, CKD cause could not be determined because they presented at advanced stages. The prevalence of patients on dialysis was 289 pmp; 90% of dialysis patients were on hemodialysis. The main causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (30.25%), cerebrovascular diseases (11.1%), and infections (29.5%). The kidney transplant rate was 14.3 pmp. Kidney transplants performed with cadaveric donors were 86.5% of total, with living related donors 13.5%. The Isle of Youth Study (ISYS) was designed to assess predialysis chronic kidney disease patterns; its methodology has been published previously. Results: Risk factors: age > 59 years 32%, women 67.8%, overweight 34.3%, obesity 22.8%, hypertension 41.5%, diabetes 13%. Estimated CKD prevalence was 9.63%. The integration of CKD into Cuba's NCD Program has gathered knowledge of burden and trends of CKD and better risk factor control.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: Las fracturas de radio distal en pacientes mayores son un indicador de osteoporosis. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis en pacientes con fractura de radio distal, operados en nuestra institución, entre 2012 y 2014. Materiales y Métodos: Los datos se obtuvieron de entrevistas telefónicas a 41 pacientes mayores, operados por fracturas de radio distal. Las variables evaluadas fueron: sexo, edad, enfermedades asociadas, tabaquismo, fracturas previas, tratamiento antiosteoporótico previo o posterior a la fractura en cuestión, especialidad del médico que solicitó el tratamiento y realización o no de densitometría mineral ósea. Resultados: La muestra incluyó a 41 pacientes (32 mujeres). Veintiséis contaban con una densitometría antes de la fractura (15 con osteoporosis), 11 habían sufrido una fractura por osteoporosis, y sólo 7 recibían tratamiento antiosteoporótico cuando ocurrió la fractura. Luego de la cirugía, solo 4 de ellos continuó con el tratamiento. Se encontró cierta asociación entre una densitometría patológica y la presencia de diabetes tipo 2, no así con otras comorbilidades. La tasa de incidencia anual de osteoporosis, calculada entre todos los pacientes que se atendieron en nuestra institución, en 2014, fue alrededor del 1%. Los traumatólogos solicitaron el 1,5% de todas las densitometrías prescritas dicho año. Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que los traumatólogos que se desempeñan en nuestra institución tienen nula o poca participación en la prevención secundaria de la osteoporosis; por esta razón, se consideraría necesario un protocolo de prevención de fracturas secundarias a la osteoporosis. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Distal radius fractures in elderly patients are an indicator of osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment rates in patients with distal radius fractures treated surgically at our institution between 2012 and 2014. Methods:Information of 41 patients who underwent surgical intervention for distal radius fracture was obtained through telephone interviews. There were several variables evaluated-age, sex, smoking, comorbidities, previous fractures, preoperative and postoperative osteoporosis treatments, specialty of the physicians prescribing osteoporosis treatment, and a DEXA scan performed. Results: The study included 41 patients (32 women). Twenty-six of them had a DEXA scan performed before the fracture (15 patients evidenced osteoporosis), 11 had suffered previous fractures secondary to osteoporosis. Only 7 patients were under osteoporosis treatment at the moment of the fracture. After surgery, only 4 patients continued treatment. Pathological DEXA scan results had certain degree of association with the presence of type 2 diabetes, but not with other comorbidities. The annual incidence rate of osteoporosis, calculated using all patients served at our institution in 2014, was about 1%. Orthopedic surgeons accounted for only 1.5% of the total number of DEXA scans prescribed that year. Conclusions: Our study suggests that there is poor prevention by orthopedic surgeons of secondary osteoporotic fractures, which is why a national prevention protocol for fractures secondary to osteoporosis would be necessary. Level of Evidence: IV

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este artículo presenta los resultados de la caracterización de los residuos sólidos en las empresas más importantes del sector metalmecánico de la ciudad de Manizales. Inicialmente, se estableció la conceptualización normativa y teórica que fundamenta los aspectos relacionados con los residuos industriales, luego se hizo énfasis en los residuos sólidos del sector metalmecánico. Se planteó, como parte de la metodología, un instrumento para la recolección de la información basado en el Catálogo Europeo de Residuos. El instrumento permitió el registro de la información de acuerdo a la estructura básica de una empresa metalmecánica y los posibles residuos que se pueden generar a lo largo de la secuencia del proceso productivo, además de su manejo y disposición. Se encontró que los residuos con mayor volumen de generación son los metálicos, cartón, papel y madera que, en conjunto, representan aproximadamente el 84% del total. El 67% de los residuos generados se están aprovechando directamente por las empresas, donde la donación corresponde al 12%. Finalmente, aunque se conoce la disposición de los residuos, no se sabe con exactitud el impacto, en términos del grado de aprovechamiento.

This paper presents the results of the characterization of solid waste in the most important companies in the metallurgical industry in the city of Manizales. Initially, the normative and theoretical conceptualization that substantiate the aspects related to industrial waste was established and then, emphasis was placed on solid waste in the metallurgical sector. An instrument for the collection of information based on the European Waste Catalog was proposed as part of the methodology. The instrument allowed the registration of the information according to the basic structure of a metallurgic industry and the possible waste that can be generated throughout the sequence of the production process, in addition to its management and disposal. It was found that the waste with the highest volume of generation are metal, cardboard, paper, and wood, which together represent approximately 84% of the total. The 67% of the waste generated is being used directly by the companies and the donation corresponds to 12%. Finally, although the disposal of the waste is known, the impact in terms of the degree of use is not known exactly.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This work introduces a description of the complex upwelling regime off the Cabo Frio region in Brazil and shows that ocean modeling, based on the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS) technique, can produce reliable predictions of sound speed fields for the corresponding shallow water environment. This work also shows, through the development of simulations, that the upwelling regime can be responsible for the creation of shadow coastal zones, in which the detection probability is too low for an acoustic source to be detected. The development of the FORMS technique and its validation with real data, for the particular region of coastal upwelling off Cabo Frio, reveals the possibility of a sustainable and reliable forecast system for the corresponding (variable in space and time) underwater acoustic environment.

RESUMO

[RESUMEN]. Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) representan uno de los mayores desafíos para el desarrollo en el siglo XXI, debido al devastador impacto social, económico y de la salud pública que provocan. El propósito de este artículo es describir la evolución y los factores de riesgo de las ENT en Cuba, principalmente en el período 1990–2015, reseñar las acciones emprendidas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y destacar los desafíos más importantes para su prevención y control. La información contenida proviene de los datos colectados y publicados por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, investigaciones sobre los factores de riesgo, otros estudios fundamentados y la documentación de acciones integrales. La mortalidad en Cuba está determinada por cuatro grandes problemas de salud: enfermedades cardiovasculares, tumores malignos, enfermedades crónicas de las vías respiratorias inferiores y diabetes mellitus, que en conjunto causan el 68,0% de los fallecimientos. La tendencia del cáncer es al ascenso y la enfermedad renal crónica emerge como un grave problema de salud. Cuba cuenta con una línea de base conocida sobre los factores de riesgo, de ellos la hipertensión y el consumo de tabaco son los principales relacionados con la mortalidad por ENT. En consonancia con la importancia de estas enfermedades se aprecian hitos e intervenciones de impacto positivo, así como brechas y desafíos en el marco del Plan de Acción Mundial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el enfrentamiento a las ENT.

[ABSTRACT]. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent one of the greatest challenges for development of the 21st century due to their devastating social, economic and public health impact. The objective of this article are to describe the evolution and risk factors for NCDs in Cuba, mainly in the period 1990–2015, to outline actions undertaken by the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, and to highlight the most important challenges with a focus on their prevention and control. The information is based on data collected and published by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics, research on risk factors, other studies and documentation of comprehensive actions. Mortality in Cuba is determined by four major health problems: cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract and diabetes mellitus, which together cause 68.0% of deaths. Cancer presents a growing trend, and chronic kidney disease emerges as a serious health problem. Cuba has a known baseline on risk factors, and hypertension and tobacco consumption are the main factors related to NCDs mortality. In line with the importance of these diseases, there are milestones and interventions with a positive impact, as well as gaps and challenges within the framework of the World Health Organization’s Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs.

[RESUMO]. As doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) representam um dos maiores desafios do século 21 para o desenvolvimento devido ao desvastador impacto social, econômico e de saúde pública que elas causam. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a evolução e os fatores de risco das doenças não transmissíveis em Cuba, principalmente no período de 1990–2015, para delinear as ações realizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde Pública de Cuba e destacar os desafios mais importantes para sua prevenção e controle. A informação vem dos dados coletados e publicados pela Diretoria de Registros Médicos e Estatísticas de Saúde, pesquisa sobre fatores de risco, outros estudos fundamentados e documentação de ações abrangentes. A mortalidade em Cuba é determinada por quatro principais problemas de saúde: doenças cardiovasculares, tumores malignos, doenças crônicas do trato respiratório inferior e diabetes mellitus, que em conjunto causam 68,0% das mortes. O câncer tem uma tendência crescente, e a doença renal crônica surge como um grave problema de saúde. Cuba tem uma linha de base conhecida sobre os fatores de risco, dos quais a hipertensão e o consumo de tabaco são os principais relacionados à mortalidade por DNT. Em consonância com a importância dessas doenças, há marcos e intervenções com impacto positivo, bem como lacunas e desafios no âmbito do Plano de Ação Mundial da Organização Mundial da Saúde para enfrentar as doenças não transmissíveis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent one of the greatest challenges for development of the 21st century due to their devastating social, economic and public health impact. The objective of this article are to describe the evolution and risk factors for NCDs in Cuba, mainly in the period 1990-2015, to outline actions undertaken by the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, and to highlight the most important challenges with a focus on their prevention and control. The information is based on data collected and published by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics, research on risk factors, other studies and documentation of comprehensive actions. Mortality in Cuba is determined by four major health problems: cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract and diabetes mellitus, which together cause 68.0% of deaths. Cancer presents a growing trend, and chronic kidney disease emerges as a serious health problem. Cuba has a known baseline on risk factors, and hypertension and tobacco consumption are the main factors related to NCDs mortality. In line with the importance of these diseases, there are milestones and interventions with a positive impact, as well as gaps and challenges within the framework of the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs.

As doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) representam um dos maiores desafios do século 21 para o desenvolvimento devido ao desvastador impacto social, econômico e de saúde pública que elas causam. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a evolução e os fatores de risco das doenças não transmissíveis em Cuba, principalmente no período de 1990­2015, para delinear as ações realizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde Pública de Cuba e destacar os desafios mais importantes para sua prevenção e controle. A informação vem dos dados coletados e publicados pela Diretoria de Registros Médicos e Estatísticas de Saúde, pesquisa sobre fatores de risco, outros estudos fundamentados e documentação de ações abrangentes. A mortalidade em Cuba é determinada por quatro principais problemas de saúde: doenças cardiovasculares, tumores malignos, doenças crônicas do trato respiratório inferior e diabetes mellitus, que em conjunto causam 68,0% das mortes. O câncer tem uma tendência crescente, e a doença renal crônica surge como um grave problema de saúde. Cuba tem uma linha de base conhecida sobre os fatores de risco, dos quais a hipertensão e o consumo de tabaco são os principais relacionados à mortalidade por DNT. Em consonância com a importância dessas doenças, há marcos e intervenções com impacto positivo, bem como lacunas e desafios no âmbito do Plano de Ação Mundial da Organização Mundial da Saúde para enfrentar as doenças não transmissíveis.

RESUMO

RESUMEN Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) representan uno de los mayores desafíos para el desarrollo en el siglo XXI, debido al devastador impacto social, económico y de la salud pública que provocan. El propósito de este artículo es describir la evolución y los factores de riesgo de las ENT en Cuba, principalmente en el período 1990-2015, reseñar las acciones emprendidas por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y destacar los desafíos más importantes para su prevención y control. La información contenida proviene de los datos colectados y publicados por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, investigaciones sobre los factores de riesgo, otros estudios fundamentados y la documentación de acciones integrales. La mortalidad en Cuba está determinada por cuatro grandes problemas de salud: enfermedades cardiovasculares, tumores malignos, enfermedades crónicas de las vías respiratorias inferiores y diabetes mellitus, que en conjunto causan el 68,0% de los fallecimientos. La tendencia del cáncer es al ascenso y la enfermedad renal crónica emerge como un grave problema de salud. Cuba cuenta con una línea de base conocida sobre los factores de riesgo, de ellos la hipertensión y el consumo de tabaco son los principales relacionados con la mortalidad por ENT. En consonancia con la importancia de estas enfermedades se aprecian hitos e intervenciones de impacto positivo, así como brechas y desafíos en el marco del Plan de Acción Mundial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el enfrentamiento a las ENT.

ABSTRACT Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent one of the greatest challenges for development of the 21st century due to their devastating social, economic and public health impact. The objective of this article are to describe the evolution and risk factors for NCDs in Cuba, mainly in the period 1990-2015, to outline actions undertaken by the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, and to highlight the most important challenges with a focus on their prevention and control. The information is based on data collected and published by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics, research on risk factors, other studies and documentation of comprehensive actions. Mortality in Cuba is determined by four major health problems: cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract and diabetes mellitus, which together cause 68.0% of deaths. Cancer presents a growing trend, and chronic kidney disease emerges as a serious health problem. Cuba has a known baseline on risk factors, and hypertension and tobacco consumption are the main factors related to NCDs mortality. In line with the importance of these diseases, there are milestones and interventions with a positive impact, as well as gaps and challenges within the framework of the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs.

RESUMO As doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) representam um dos maiores desafios do século 21 para o desenvolvimento devido ao desvastador impacto social, econômico e de saúde pública que elas causam. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a evolução e os fatores de risco das doenças não transmissíveis em Cuba, principalmente no período de 1990-2015, para delinear as ações realizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde Pública de Cuba e destacar os desafios mais importantes para sua prevenção e controle. A informação vem dos dados coletados e publicados pela Diretoria de Registros Médicos e Estatísticas de Saúde, pesquisa sobre fatores de risco, outros estudos fundamentados e documentação de ações abrangentes. A mortalidade em Cuba é determinada por quatro principais problemas de saúde: doenças cardiovasculares, tumores malignos, doenças crônicas do trato respiratório inferior e diabetes mellitus, que em conjunto causam 68,0% das mortes. O câncer tem uma tendência crescente, e a doença renal crônica surge como um grave problema de saúde. Cuba tem uma linha de base conhecida sobre os fatores de risco, dos quais a hipertensão e o consumo de tabaco são os principais relacionados à mortalidade por DNT. Em consonância com a importância dessas doenças, há marcos e intervenções com impacto positivo, bem como lacunas e desafios no âmbito do Plano de Ação Mundial da Organização Mundial da Saúde para enfrentar as doenças não transmissíveis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La Comisión Nacional Técnica Asesora del Programa de Hipertensión Arterial (CNHTA) del Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP), tiene la responsabilidad de mantener actualizada la Guía para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial** que aporta los conocimientos y orientaciones para los distintos niveles de atención médica, principalmente para la atención primaria, donde la hipertensión arterial (HTA) constituye una de las afecciones de mayor demanda asistencial, también para los cuerpos de guardia tanto de hospitales como de policlínicos donde acuden pacientes con descontrol o descompensación de su enfermedad hipertensiva que requieren de una adecuada y efectiva asistencia profesional, por lo que las guías de prácticas médicas han de estar disponibles y ser de conocimiento para su eficiente aplicación en su diagnóstico, tratamiento y eficaz orientación a pacientes y familiares. La Guía Cubana de Hipertensión Arterial (GCHTA), como habitualmente se le conoce, tuvo su origen en el primer Programa Nacional de Hipertensión, editado en el año 1998, que fue distribuido en todo el país, con el apoyo de una amplia campaña nacional que favoreció su conocimiento en toda Cuba. Posteriormente se comenzaron a editar las Guías de HTA, que fueron redactadas y actualizadas a través de talleres o reuniones de expertos, por miembros de las comisiones asesoras nacional y de las provincias. Se sucedieron ediciones de la Guía en los años 2003, 2006 y 2008, basadas en actualizaciones acorde al desarrollo del conocimiento y aportes de importantes documentos como el Joint National Committe (JNC) norteamericano y las guías editadas por la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión Arterial y la NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) del Reino Unido, entre otras, así como en la experiencia profesional de los miembros de nuestra CNHTA. Teniendo en cuenta los años transcurridos desde la última publicación de la GCHTA en el 2008 y las numerosas guías de prácticas médica publicadas recientemente, se decidió, por la CNHTA del MINSAP, abordar su actualización, dado que la HTA sigue teniendo una alta prevalencia en la población general, con significación también en la niñez y adolescencia y particularidades relevantes en el adulto mayor. Se dedicó especial cuidado en su redacción, para que se ajustara a las normas evaluativas de instrumentos como el AGREE (Assessment of Guidelines for Research and Education), que fue confeccionado para la evaluación de la guías de prácticas médicas.1,2 La CNHTA participó en un taller preparatorio, para conocer mejor los elementos a tener en cuenta en su elaboración y lograr que nuestra GNHTA actualizada, se encuentre a la altura de las que se han publicado en los últimos cinco años y se cumpla con el objetivo fundamental...(AU)

Assuntos