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INTRODUCCIÓN: Los pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 presentan un espectro clínico variable y su gravedad puede ser predicha por la presencia de factores de riesgo. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados al ingreso a UCI en pacientes internados por COVID-19 en Colombia. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte multicéntrico, retrospectivo, en pacientes adultos hospitalizados por COVID-19 en Colombia, desde marzo de 2020 a enero de 2021. Se describieron las características de los pacientes y se establecieron predictores de ingreso a la UCI mediante un modelo de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1.160 pacientes, edad media de 55 años, 59,7% fueron hombres y 426 pacientes (36,7%) ingresaron a UCI. Los factores asociados al ingreso a UCI fueron edad (OR 1,25; IC 95%: 1,14-1,37), sobrepeso (OR 2,82; IC 95%: 1,98-4,02) y obesidad (OR 2,97; IC 95%: 2,03-4,37), antecedente de cardiopatía valvular (OR 6,46; IC 95%: 1,84-27,48), hipotensión arterial al ingreso (OR 2,35; IC 95%: 1,40-3,97), SIRS (OR 2,03; IC 95%: 1,50-2,74), disnea (OR 1,52; IC 95%: 1,09-2.14), requerimiento de oxígeno (OR 2,64; IC 95%: 1,67-4,30), neutrofilia (OR1,09; IC 95%: 1,05-1,13), elevación de dímero D (OR 1,09; IC 95%: 1,03-1,18), compromiso multilobar (OR 2,19; IC 95%: 1,58-3,07) y consolidación pulmonar (OR1,52; IC 95%: 1,13-2,04). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue de 14,4% (166 pacientes), 2,3% entre los que no ingresaron a la UCI y 35,2% entre los que sí lo hicieron. CONCLUSIÓN: El 36,7% de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 ingresó a UCI, identificándose predictores clínicos y de laboratorio asociados con este desenlace. La elaboración de modelos predictores con estos parámetros podría mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con COVID-19 que se hospitalizan.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 present a variable clinical spectrum and its severity might be predicted by the presence of risk factors. AIM: To determine the factors associated with ICU admission in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Colombia. METHOD: Retrospective multicenter cohort study, in adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Colombia, from March 2020 to January 2021. Population characteristics were described and ICU admission predictors were established using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: 1,160 patients were included, mean age 55 years, 59.7% were men and 426 patients (36.7%) were admitted to the ICU. The associated factors were age (OR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14-1.37), overweight (OR 2.82, 95% CI: 1.98-4.02) and obesity (OR 2.97, 95% CI: 2.03-4.37), valvular heart disease (OR 6.46, 95% CI: 1.84-27.48) hypotension at admission (OR 2.35, 95% CI: 1.40-3, 97), SIRS (OR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.50-2.74), dyspnea (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09-2.14), oxygen requirement (OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.67-4.30), neutrophilia (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.13), elevated D-dimer (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18), multilobar lung involvement (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.58-3.07) and pulmonary consolidation (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.13-2.04). In-hospital mortality was 14.4% (166 patients), 2.3% among those that did not enter to the ICU and 35.2% among those who did. CONCLUSION: 36.7% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 were admitted to the ICU. We identified clinical predictors associated with this outcome. Predictive models using these parameters could improve the prognostic of those patients with COVID-19 that are hospitalized.

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Background: There are different ways to learn a sensorimotor task. This research focuses on whole versus part learning in a complex video game that involves sensorimotor adaptations and skill learning. The primary aim of this research is to compare the changes in (1) event-related potentials (ERP) and (2) Alpha and Beta event-related desynchronization/synchronization [ERD(S)] of EEG between whole and part practice protocols. Materials and methods: 18 Healthy young participants practiced for 5 days a video game with distorted kinematic (advancing skill) and dynamic features (shooting skill) to test the ability to combine sensorimotor skill components learned modularly (part learning, 9 participants) or combined (whole practice, 9 participants). We examined ERP and ERD(S) in EEG channels in the baseline test (day 1) and the retention test (day 5), dissociating epochs with advancing or shooting. We focus the analysis on the main activity of ERP or ERD(S) in different time windows. Results: In the advancing epochs (distorted kinematic), both groups showed a decrease in time for ERP and an increase in Beta ERD activity in central and posterior channels. In the shooting epochs (distorted dynamic), the Whole group showed a decrease in time for ERPs in anterior and central-posterior channels. Additionally, the shooting ERS in the Beta band decreases within sessions in central channels, particularly for the Part group. Conclusion: Neural correlates of kinematic and dynamic control [ERP and ERD(S)] were modulated by sensorimotor learning, which reflects the effect of the type of practice on the execution and the evaluation of the action. These results can be linked with our previous report, where the simultaneous practice of kinematic and dynamic distortions takes advantage of the motor performance on retention tests, indicating a more automatic control for the whole practice group.

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Several supervised machine learning algorithms focused on binary classification for solving daily problems can be found in the literature. The straight-line segment classifier stands out for its low complexity and competitiveness, compared to well-knownconventional classifiers. This binary classifier is based on distances between points and two labeled sets of straight-line segments. Its training phase consists of finding the placement of labeled straight-line segment extremities (and consequently, their lengths) which gives the minimum mean square error. However, during the training phase, the straight-line segment lengths can grow significantly, giving a negative impact on the classification rate. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach for adjusting the placements of labeled straight-line segment extremities to build reliable classifiers in a constrained search space (tuned by a scale factor parameter) in order to restrict their lengths. Ten artificial and eight datasets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository were used to prove that our approach shows promising results, compared to other classifiers. We conclude that this classifier can be used in industry for decision-making problems, due to the straightforward interpretation and classification rates.

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Objective: To know the clinical characteristics and determine the related factors to higher in-hospital mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) due to myocardial infarction in a Peruvian reference hospital. Materials and methods: . We conducted a prospective single-center cohort study, to evaluate the clinical characteristics, treatment, and complications of patients with CS due to myocardial infarction from March 2019 to August 2020 at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular INCOR. Factors related to higher in-hospital mortality and during follow-up were evaluated. Also, the IABP shock II score was applied to stratify the cohort. Results: Forty patients were included in the study, 75% of cases were due to left ventricular dysfunction, most of the men and with a median age of 75 (69-82) years. Fifty percent of cases presented CS after admission to the emergency room. Patients stratified by the IABP shock II score as low, intermediate, and high risk, had in-hospital mortality of 37.5%, 71.4%, and 91.6% respectively. In a hospital, mortality was 70%, higher in women, in those over 75 years old, and in those who developed CS during their hospitalization. Serum lactate > 4 mmol/L in univariate analysis was associated with higher mortality risk (HR: 2.8; IC:1.6-3.6, p=0.009). Survival to the end of the study was 12.8%. Conclusions: CS due to myocardial infarction is a clinical entity with high mortality in spite of revascularization and the available treatment in our reality. The highest mortality predictor was the serum lactate at admission > 4 mmol/L. The IABP shock II score showed to be an accurate parameter to stratify the death risk in our population.

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BACKGROUND: This study provides, for the first time, national population-based estimates describing violence during childhood and adolescence in Peru and the impact on educational outcomes. METHODS: A population-based school survey was conducted among children aged 9-11 (n=1587) and adolescents aged 12-17 (n=1489). The relationship between violence and educational outcomes were analysed using bivariate logistic regressions, controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: The results show that psychological (78.1%) and physical violence (72.5%) at home were the most prevalent forms of violence experienced by adolescent girls. Adolescent boys reported experiencing similar levels of psychological violence from their peers (69.4%) and at home (68.1%). For the younger cohort, peer-to-peer psychological violence was reported more frequently among girls (70.6%) and boys (74.0%) than other forms of violence. Equal percentages of adolescent girls and boys reported experiencing sexual violence in their lifetime (44.3%). The relationship between violence experiences and educational outcomes varied by gender with strong associations between violence at home and failing a course or repeating a grade for girls and being expelled for boys. Sexual violence experienced by boys was associated with all negative educational outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between violence in childhood and poorer educational outcomes is multi-faceted, potentially bi-directional, and manifests differently between genders. This research highlights the need for targeted research, policy and programming responses for prevention of violence.

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The effects of supplemental yeast culture, litter size, stage and number of lactation on milk composition were studied in Pelibuey ewes. Twenty ewes were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments. Ten control ewes grazed on guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and were supplemented with concentrate. A further ten ewes received the same diet with 14 g/head/day of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Colostrum was collected within 24 h after parturition, and subsequently, milk samples were collected at fortnightly intervals (7, 21, 35, and 49 days). Total solids content averaged 32% in colostrum and 12.5% in milk. Colostrum of primiparous ewes had higher total solids content than that of ewes with more than five lactations. However, ewes with more than five lactations produced milk with higher net energy, total solids, protein, and casein than ewes with fewer lactations. Milk at 7 days had a significantly higher content of energy, total solids, and fat than milk at 21, 35, and 49 days. Total solids content was lower for ewes rearing one lamb than larger litter sizes. Supplementation with yeast culture did not affect the composition of colostrum and milk, which was mainly affected by the stage and number of lactation.

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Specific information about the population pharmacogenetics can be the starting point to study the inheritance of these traits, to design individual drug therapy, and to develop new drugs rationally. Pharmacogenetic studies have been performed in some regions of Mexico, such as Central and Northeast, but this kind of study has not been conducted in the Northwest region so far. Here, we report the distribution of NAT2, TPMT, and MTHFR gene polymorphisms in Baja California, Mexico. We found that our population sample exhibits allele and genotype frequencies that are highly similar to those observed in Caucasian populations, although it should be noted that there are slight similarities with those determined in other populations. As allelic variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes are prevalent in our population, it is important to consider pharmacogenetic testing as part of the standard diagnostic protocols before medication.

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El autismo es un desorden del neurodesarrollo cuya etiología es desconocida. Se evalúa la función y estructura de la mucosa digestiva buscando asociación entre cambios histológicos y etiopatogenia. Describir los hallazgos endoscópicos, histológicos e inmunológicos de la mucosa digestiva de niños autistas y controles con similares síntomas gastrointestinales. 45 niños autistas 1,98 años +/- 1,37,32 varones, 13 hembras; 57 controles, 3,28 años +/- 2,57, 30 varones, 27 hembras. Historia clínica, laboratorio, estudios endoscópicos, análisis histológico e inmunohistoquímica. Histológicos: inflamación crónica del esófago, estómago, duodeno y colon en autistas; duodeno: incremento linfocitos intraepiteliales p<0.001, colon mayor infiltrado linfoplasmocitario p=0.001. Autistas más esofagitis por reflujo (88,88%). Gastritis crónica activa, hiperplasia nodular linfoide (HNL) e infección por H. Pylori (55,56%) diferencia significativa entre grupos p<0.001, p=0.01. Duodenitis crónica activa con HNL 38/45; 23/45 infección por Giardia intestinalis, 26/45 alteración en vellosidades intestinales, un celíaco. Asociación entre la presencia de HNL e infección por H. Pylori en estómago, en duodeno por Giardia intestinalis p=0.002 Ileites crónica activa con HNL sin infección en 6, colitis Crónica activa con HNL 33/45. Los niños autistas presentan alta incidencia de enfermedad gastrointestinal con alteraciones endoscópicas, histológicas e inmunológicas. Observamos alteraciones inmunológicas e inmunohistoquímicas en biopsias digestivas compatibles con la respuesta de reacción alérgica tipo Th2, menor proporción CD8>CD4 sugiere reacción alérgica tipo Th1. La reacción alérgica presentada por este grupo de pacientes autistas es de tipo mixto.

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Objetivo: Demostrar la seguridad, eficacia, morbilidad, mortalidad y calidad de vida que ofrece la colectomía laparoscópica asistida en el tratamiento de la patología maligna y benigna del colon. Método: Se estudiaron 47 de 60 pacientes entre 25 y 83 años de edad sometidos a colectomía laparoscópica asistida en el periodo 1995 - 2005. Los pacientes fueron evaluados clínicamente y con exámenes de Eco-TAC ó resonancia magnética, colonoscopía y/o Rx. de colon, CEA para determinar el diagnóstico y estadiaje en caso de neoplasia. No se incluyeron pacientes con perforación colónica y peritonitis, ni tumores T4, ni mayores de 8 cms. Resultados: Las indicaciones fueron adenocarcinoma 27, diverticulitis crónica 17, adenoma velloso benigno 1, enfermedad de Crohn del íleon terminal con severa estenosis 1, poliposis familiar múltiple 1, vólvulo del ciego 1. 27 pacientes fueron del sexo femenino y 20 del sexo masculino con edades que fluctuaron entre 25 y 83 años. Las operaciones practicadas fueron colectomía derecha (12), colectomía izquierda (31), colectomía segmentaria (1), colectomía total (1), resección anterior (3). En los casos de neoplasia se completó con linfadenectomía en bloque. El tiempo operatorio osciló entre 5 horas en los casos iniciales y 3 horas en los últimos casos. El sangrado operatorio fue escaso x: 150 cc. (50-300 cc.). No se requirió de transfusiones de sangre. La eliminación de flatos se produjo en las primeras 24-36 horas en los operados del colon derecho y 24-56 horas en las del colon izquierdo. La patología mostró Dukes A, 2 pacientes (8 por ciento); Dukes B, 10 pacientes (37 por ciento); Dukes C, 15 pacientes (55 por ciento) en los casos de patología maligna. El número de ganglios extirpados fue de x: 20 (14-45). El tiempo de hospitalización fue de 4,5 días (2-6) para el colon derecho y 5.5 (3-9) para el colon izquierdo; en colectomía total 10 días por íleo prolongado y posterior control de diarrea. No hubo reoperaciones ni mortalidad. En los casos de cáncer de colon, el 60 por ciento recibió QT adyuvante. En el seguimiento no se ha documentado siembra peritoneal, recurrencia local ni recurrencia en los puertos de entrada. La sobrevida actuarial de los pacientes operados por cáncer es similar a la reportada de pacientes operados por técnica abierta y está directamente relacionada al grado de penetración en la pared del colon y al número de ganglios comprometidos...

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El Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) induce inflamación de la mucosa gástrica con cambios histológicos de intensidad variable, que pudiesen originar procesos displásicos e inclusive cáncer gástrico. Con el objeto de determinar si los hallazgos endoscópicos, son útiles como indicadores de inflamación gástrica en la infección por H. pylori en niños se realizó esta investigación. Estudio prospectivo de 358 pacientes entre 2 y 18 años con manifestaciones gastrointestinales, a quienes se les realizó endoscopia digestiva superior, biopsia de mucosa gástrica, análisis histológico y prueba de ureasa. Utilizamos un score endoscópico, histológico y de grado de colonización en la infección por H. pylori. 305/358 (85.19 por ciento) estaban infectados con la bacteria. La edad de aparición de lo síntomas (p<0.01), la historia familiar de enfermedad úlceropéptica y los títulos de Ig G anti-H. pylori séricos (p<0.001), fueron estadísticamente significativas. La nodularidad antral mostró una alta especificidad (94.5 por ciento) y un valor predictivo positivo (98 por ciento) para el diagnóstico de la infección por H. pylori, siendo observada en el 85.75 por ciento de los pacientes. El score histológico fue mayor en esos sujetos (p<0.001). Se observó una correlación positiva (Coeficiente de Pearson = 0.96) entre la gastritis nodular endoscópica y el score de colonización de H. pylori. La presencia y el número de folículos linfoides tuvo una correlación significativa (rs=0.75) con el hallazgo endoscópico de nodularidad antral. El score histológico mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001) en los pacientes con nodularidad antral e IgG anti-H pylori sérica positiva. La nodularidad antral en niños, que histológicamente se traduce en aumento de los folículos linfoides, sugiere fuertemente la presencia de infección por H. pylori; lo que nos permite identificar casos de gastritis severa y colonización marcada de la mucosa gástrica por esta bacteria a través de la...

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