RESUMO
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). However, scarce specific data are available about the prevalence of CVD in that population in daily clinical practice. The CAPTURE study investigated the contemporary prevalence of CVD in a representative sample of DM2 population in 13 countries, distributed over 5 continents (n = 9823). Among the 834 Argentinian participants, the CVD prevalence was 41.5% (n = 347) (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 38.4-44.7%), while worldwide rate was 34.8% (n = 3582) (95%CI: 32.7-36.8%). In most cases, it was categorized as atherosclerotic CVD 35.3% (n = 295) (95%CI: 32.3; -38.4%). Likewise, the rate of use of antidiabetic drugs with proven cardiovascular benefits was low, both in Argentina (12.8%: n = 107) and global data (21.9%; n = 2151).
La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de morbimortalidad en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Sin embargo, se dispone de escasos datos específicos sobre la prevalencia de ECV en esta población en la práctica clínica cotidiana. El estudio CAPTURE investigó la prevalencia contemporánea de ECV en una muestra representativa de la población con diagnóstico de DM2 en 13 países, distribuidos en 5 continentes (n = 9823). Entre los 834 participantes de Argentina, la prevalencia de ECV fue de 41.5% (n = 347) (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 38.4-44.7%), mientras que a nivel mundial la prevalencia fue 34.8% (n = 3582) (IC95%: 32.7-36.8%). La mayoría de los casos fue categorizada como ECV aterosclerótica: 35.3% (n = 295) (IC95%:32.3-38.4%). Asimismo, la utilización de medicamentos antidiabéticos con beneficios cardiovasculares comprobados fue baja: 12.8% (n = 107) y 21.9% (n = 2151) en Argentina y a nivel global respectivamente.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Argentina/epidemiologia , Aterosclerose/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Humanos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Nowadays, fertilization and pest control are carried out using chemical compounds that contaminate soil and deteriorate human health. Plant growth promoting bacteria endophytes (PGPBEs), are a well-studied group of bacteria that offers benefits to the host plant, such as phytostimulation, biofertilization, and protection against other microorganisms. The study of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus-which belongs to PGPBEs-aids the development of alternative strategies of an integrated approach for crop management practices. Ralstonia solanacearum is responsible for bacterial wilt disease. This phytopathogen is of great interest worldwide due to the enormous economic losses it causes. In this study the action of G. diazotrophicus as a growth promoting bacterium in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is analyzed, evaluating the antagonistic mechanisms of this beneficial endophytic bacterium during biotic stress produced by R. solanacearum. Effective colonization of G. diazotrophicus was determined through bacterial counting assays, evaluation of anatomical and growth parameters, and pigments quantification. Biocontrol assays were carried out with Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum GMI1000 model strain and R. solanacearum A21 a recently isolated strain. Inoculation of A. thaliana (Col 0) with G. diazotrophicus Pal 5 triggers a set of biochemical and structural changes in roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings. Discrete callose deposits as papillae were observed at specific sites of root hairs, trichomes, and leaf tissue. Upon R. pseudosolanacearum GMI1000 infection, endophyte-treated plants demonstrated being induced for defense through an augmented callose deposition at root hairs and leaves compared with the non-endophyte-treated controls. The endophytic bacterium appears to be able to prime callose response. Roots and stems cross sections showed that integrity of all tissues was preserved in endophyte-treated plants infected with R. solanacearum A21. The mechanisms of resistance elicited by the plant after inoculation with the endophyte would be greater lignification and sclerosis in tissues and reinforcement of the cell wall through the deposition of callose. As a consequence of this priming in plant defense response, viable phytopathogenic bacteria counting were considerably fewer in endophyte-inoculated plants than in not-inoculated controls. Our results indicate that G. diazotrophicus colonizes A. thaliana plants performing a protective role against the phytopathogenic bacterium R. solanacearum promoting the activation of plant defense system.
RESUMO
Abstract Baccharis species belonging to sect. Caulopterae are difficult to identify. Most countries are controlling the quality of herbal medicines destined for the internal market or export. "Carquejas" are used arbitrarily for the same medicinal purposes and only three species of sect. Caulopterae are official herbal medicines. In the present study, a morpho-anatomical and statistical analysis was performed with nine species of sect. Caulopterae: Baccharis articulata, B. crispa, B. gaudichaudiana, B. microcephala, B. penningtonii, B. phyteumoides, B. sagittalis, B. triangularis and B. trimera, emphasizing the importance of anatomy as a taxonomic tool. A total of 114 populations of these nine species were examined. The first three principal components of morphoanatomical data provided relevant information to classify the species (75.04% of the total variability). The most discriminatory variable in this issue was the stomatal index (1.0530). We determined the qualitative and quantitative variables in order to differentiate the species by using principal components analysis and ANOVA tests. Stomata type, uniseriate trichome type and presence/absence of collenchyma in the wing margin are the qualitative variables that should be analyzed. Regarding quantitative variables, the epidermal ones in superficial view are more important and discriminatory than those of alate stem cross section and they must be considered for proper quality control of the species of this work.
RESUMO
The possibility of obtaining sorghum grains with quality to match the standards for a diversity of end-uses is frequently hampered by the susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) displayed by many elite genotypes. For these reasons, obtaining resistance to PHS is considered in sorghum breeding programs, particularly when the crop is expected to approach harvest maturity under rainy or damp conditions prevalence. As in other cereals, the primary cause for sprouting susceptibility is a low dormancy prior to crop harvest; in consequence, most research has focused in understanding the mechanisms through which the duration of dormancy is differentially controlled in genotypes with contrasting sprouting behavior. With this aim two tannin-less, red-grained inbred lines were used as a model system: IS9530 (sprouting resistant) and Redland B2 (sprouting susceptible). Redland B2 grains are able to germinate well before reaching physiological maturity (PM) while IS9530 ones can start to germinate at 40-45 days after pollination, well after PM. Results show that the anticipated dormancy loss displayed by Redland B2 grains is related reduced embryo sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and increased levels of GA upon imbibition. In turn, transcriptional data showed that ABA signal transduction is impaired in Redland B2, which appears to have an impact on GA catabolism, thus affecting the overall GA/ABA balance that regulates germination. QTL analyses were conducted to test whether previous candidate genes were located in a dormancy QTL, but also to identify new genes involved in dormancy. These analyses yielded several dormancy QTL and one of them located in chromosome 9 (qGI-9) was consistently detected even across environments. Fine mapping is already in progress to narrow down the number of candidate genes in qGI-9.
RESUMO
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the main hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative agent of bacterial wilt. This plant pathogen bacteria produce asymptomatic latent infections that promote its global spread, hindering disease control. A potato breeding program is conducted in Uruguay based on the introgression of resistance from the wild native species S. commersonii Dun. Currently, several backcrosses were generated exploiting the high genetic variability of this wild species resulting in advanced interspecific breeding lines with different levels of bacterial wilt resistance. The overall aim of this work was to characterize the interaction of the improved potato germplasm with R. solanacearum. Potato clones with different responses to R. solanacearum were selected, and colonization, dissemination and multiplication patterns after infection were evaluated. A R. solanacearum strain belonging to the phylotype IIB-sequevar 1, with high aggressiveness on potato was genetically modified to constitutively generate fluorescence and luminescence from either the green fluorescence protein gene or lux operon. These reporter strains were used to allow a direct and precise visualization of fluorescent and luminescent cells in plant tissues by confocal microscopy and luminometry. Based on wilting scoring and detection of latent infections, the selected clones were classified as susceptible or tolerant, while no immune-like resistance response was identified. Typical wilting symptoms in susceptible plants were correlated with high concentrations of bacteria in roots and along the stems. Tolerant clones showed a colonization pattern restricted to roots and a limited number of xylem vessels only in the stem base. Results indicate that resistance in potato is achieved through restriction of bacterial invasion and multiplication inside plant tissues, particularly in stems. Tolerant plants were also characterized by induction of anatomical and biochemical changes after R. solanacearum infection, including hyperplasic activity of conductor tissue, tylose production, callose and lignin deposition, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species. This study highlights the potential of the identified tolerant interspecific potato clones as valuable genetic resources for potato-breeding programs and leads to a better understanding of resistance against R. solanacearum in potato.
RESUMO
Quassia amara L. popularly known as quasia, is a shrubby plant from Tropical America. The wood, bark and leave are used in either folk medicine or in procuring phytotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present work was to analize morphoanatomical and micrographic features which might provide assistance in the identification, analysis and standardization of Quasia amara L wood, bark and leaves. Results. Anatomical study showed white yellowish and diffuse porous wood, confluent paratracheal parenchyma. Rays width 1 cell wide and 8-30 cells high. CaOx crystals are absent. Cortex, 1-4 mm thick, a periderm up to 12 layers phellem cells. Leaf, hipostomatic with dorsiventral mesophyll and high number of sclerosed idioblasts.
Quassia amara L. popularmente conocida como quasia es un planta arbustiva de América Tropical. El leño, corteza y hojas son usadas tanto en medicina popular como en la obtención de drogas fitoterapéuticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar características morfoanatómicas y micrográficas las cuales provean asistencia en la identificación, análisis y estandarización de la madera, corteza y hojas de Quassia amara L. Resultados. El estudio anatómico mostró leño, blanco amarillento, de porosidad difusa. Parénquima paratraqueal confluente. Radios de 1 célula de ancho y 8-30 hileras de alto. Faltan cristales CaOx. Corteza, 1-4 mm de espesor, una peridermis de hasta 12 estratos de células de súber. Hoja, hipoestomática, con mesófilo dorsiventral, con elevado número de idioblastos esclerosados.
Assuntos
Casca de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Folhas de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Madeira/anatomia & histologia , Quassia/anatomia & histologia , Casca de Planta/ultraestrutura , Folhas de Planta/ultraestrutura , Madeira/ultraestrutura , Fotomicrografia , Quassia/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Twenty one phenylpropanoids (including eugenol and safrole) and synthetic analogues, thirteen of them new compounds, were evaluated for antifungal properties, first with non-targeted assays against a panel of human opportunistic pathogenic fungi. Some structure-activity relationships could be observed, mainly related to the influence of an allyl substituent at C-4, an OH group at C-1 and an OCH(3) at C-2 or the presence of one or two NO(2) groups in different positions of the benzene ring. All active compounds were tested in a second panel of clinical isolates of C. albicans and non-albicans Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytes. The eugenol derivative 4-allyl-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol (2) was the most active structure against all strains tested, and therefore it was submitted to targeted assays. These studies showed that the antifungal activity of 2 was not reversed in the presence of an osmotic support such as sorbitol, suggesting that it does not act by inhibiting the fungal cell wall synthesis or assembly. On the other hand, the Ergosterol Assay showed that 2 did not bind to the main sterol of the fungal membrane up to 250 µg mL-1. In contrast, a 22% of fungal membrane damage was observed at concentrations = 1 × MIC and 71% at 4× MIC, when 2 was tested in the Cellular Leakage assay. The comparison of log P and MICs for all compounds revealed that the antifungal activity of the eugenol analogues would not to be related to lipophilicity.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Eugenol/análogos & derivados , Eugenol/farmacologia , Acetilação , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candidíase/microbiologia , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Interações Medicamentosas , Ergosterol/farmacologia , Eugenol/síntese química , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Safrol/análogos & derivados , Safrol/síntese química , Safrol/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tinha/microbiologia , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichophyton/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia con el fin de rastrear cocaína en orina y caracterizar a las madres consumidoras de pasta básica de cocaína (bazuco) durante el embarazo y sus recién nacidos, donde se incluyeron dos grupos de madres, unas que aceptaron su consumo y otras madres que aceptaron consumo de otras sustancias y tenían complicaciones del embarazo. Se captaron 117 binomios madre-recién nacidos, 25 (21/100) aceptaron consumo y 92 (79/100) tenían complicaciones. Las primeras tuvieron menor escolaridad y control prenatal, más enfermedades de transmisión sexual y de consumo de cigarrillo y marihuana; 72/100 resultaron positivas en orina para cocaína contra 15/100 de las madres con complicaciones. La mitad de sus recién nacidos fueron prematuros y de bajo peso al nacer, 20/100 con desnutrición intrauterina y 12/100 con muy bajo peso al nacer. Además 60/100 resultaron positivos en orina para cocaína contra 16/100 de los recién nacidos hijos de madres con complicaciones. A menor nivel educativo y control prenatal, a mayor gravidez y paridad fue mayor significativamente el riesgo de tener en orina un resultado positivo para cocaína. Es urgente la implementación de políticas educativas y de salud pública que eleven el nivel de escolaridad de la mujer, aumenten la cobertura del programa de control prenatal a todas las mujeres embarazadas y prevengan el consumo de sustancias deletéreas durante el embarazo
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Cocaína , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Gravidez , ColômbiaRESUMO
Se selecciona un grupo de pacientes con infección urinaria, se estudian precisamente los síntomas y gérmenes responsables de la infección. Se realizaron curas vesicales diariamente durante 10 días con solución de nitrofurazona. Se obtiene buen resultado en el 94,1 por ciento de los casos. Se muestra la sustitucion de medicamentos con esta terapéutica como medida alternativa
Assuntos
Humanos , Nitrofurazona/uso terapêutico , Infecções Urinárias/terapiaRESUMO
The curricular content of undergraduate programs in the health sciences should integrate, in a logical and coherent manner, competencies in general education as well as professional and interdisciplinary competencies. Among the principal obstacles for integration discussed are inflexibility of administrative and accreditation policies and lack of an interdisciplinary vision in curriculum development. This article examines the need to prepare a graduate with competencies to attend patient/client as a holistic human being, thus requiring to make use of psychological, ethical, legal & philosophical knowledge as well as concepts, skill and attitudes of the profession. The program of Bachelor in Health Sciences of the College of Health Related Professions is presented as one of an interdisciplinary nature, in which 23 percent of the total credits are general education courses, 49 percent are professional courses, 17 percent are interdisciplinary courses and 11 percent are elective courses