RESUMO
The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface water is well known, whereas their natural occurrence in biota is much less explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of PhACs in adult toads of the neotropical species Rhinella arenarum. Three sites were selected in Buenos Aires (Argentina): a reference site (Site 1), a site with direct discharge from a secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Site 2) and a site 300 m downstream of the WWTP discharge (Site 3). Surface water samples, as well as muscle, liver and fat bodies of toads were collected, extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Highly significant differences in total PhACs concentration in surface water (p < 0.005) were detected between Site 2 and the other sites. These concentrations ranged from 0.37 to 52.46 ng/L at Site 1, 0.71-6950.37 ng/L at Site 2, and 0.12-75.45 ng/L at Site 3. In general, bioaccumulation of PhACs in toad tissues was similar between sites and tissues of each site. The highest concentrations were detected in the muscle of toads from Site 3 (1.06-87.24 ng/g dw), followed by liver (1.77-38.10 ng/g dw) and fat bodies (0.68-20.59 ng/g dw) from Site 1. Ibuprofen (6950 ng/L), acetaminophen (3277 ng/L) and valsartan (2504 ng/L) were the compounds with the highest concentrations in surface water from Site 2, whereas acetaminophen (87.2 ng/g dw, muscle from Site 3), desloratadine (38.1 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1), and phenazone (25.9 ng/g dw, liver from Site 1) were the ones that showed the highest concentrations in biota. This is the first time a field study has examined the environmental bioaccumulation of PhACs in anurans, demonstrating their potential for monitoring the status of natural ecosystems.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Argentina , Cromatografia Líquida , Acetaminofen , Bioacumulação , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Água , Anuros , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
The accumulation of 17 human pharmaceuticals (HPs) was investigated in the muscle of three fish species characteristic of the "Rio de la Plata Basin" with different feeding habits and of relevance for human consumption: Megaleporinus obtusidens, Salminus brasiliensis, and Prochilodus lineatus. Fish were sampled in fall and spring from 8 localities distributed along 500â¯Km of the Uruguay River. Atenolol and carbamazepine were the most frequently detected HPs (>50%), but at concentrations always below 1⯵g/kg wet weight (w/w). Hydrochlorothiazide, metoprolol, venlafaxine, propranolol, codeine, and the carbamazepine metabolite, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, were accumulated at higher levels showing maximum concentrations between 1 and 10⯵g/kg (w/w), but infrequently (<50%). The other HPs were always below 1⯵g/kg (w/w) and at frequencies lower than 50%. Distinctive accumulation patterns were observed among species at different trophic levels. However, biomagnification trends were not identified for any compound. The highest number and concentration of HPs were found in M. obtusidens (omnivorous), followed by P. lineatus (detritivorous), and lastly S. brasiliensis (piscivorous). The most recurrent HPs (i.e. carbamazepine and atenolol) were present in all species, but others exclusively in one. Geographical variations were only found for carbamazepine and atenolol in M. obtusidens and P. lineatus, showing higher concentrations in localities closer to the Rio de la Plata estuary. Differences in the HPs concentrations among seasons were not identified. Acceptable daily intake and predicted no effect concentrations would indicate that measured muscle concentrations in fish from the Uruguay River do not pose a serious risk for human consumption nowadays. Further studies will be necessary for assessing the potential adverse effects on studied fish species.
Assuntos
Caraciformes/metabolismo , Peixes/metabolismo , Músculos/química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/análise , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Estuários , Hábitos , Humanos , Alimentos Marinhos , Estações do Ano , América do Sul , UruguaiRESUMO
There is a growing interest in evaluating the presence of pharmaceutical residues and their metabolites in aquatic biota. In this study, twenty pharmaceuticals, including carbamazepine (CBZ) and two metabolites, were analyzed in homogenates of two fish species (Gambusia affinis and Jenynsia multidentata) captured in polluted areas of the Suquía River (Córdoba, Argentina). The twenty target pharmaceuticals were found in G. affinis, while only fifteen were detected in J. multidentata. We observed a noticeable difference in the accumulation pattern of both fish species, suggesting different pathways for the bioaccumulation of polar pharmaceuticals in each fish. In order to investigate uptake and tissue distribution of pharmaceuticals, a detailed study was performed under controlled laboratory conditions in J. multidentata, exposed to CBZ. CBZ and two of its metabolites (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide - CBZ-EP and 2-hydroxycarbamazepine - 2-OH-CBZ) were monitored in five organs of fish under laboratory exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of CBZ and its metabolite 2-OH-CBZ in gills, intestine, liver, brain and muscle of fish, while the metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-EP) was detected in gills and muscle. A ratio CBZ-EP/CBZ close to 0.1 suggests that gills and muscle of J. multidentata could metabolize CBZ through the CBZ-EP pathway. Our results reinforce the need of analyzing multiple species to account for the environmental impact of pollutants, negating the simplification of a single, "representative model" during ecotoxicological biomonitoring. To our knowledge, the biotransformation of CBZ to its metabolites (CBZ-EP, 2-OH-CBZ) in fish, under controlled laboratory in vivo exposures, is reported for the first time.