RESUMO
Meloidogyne enterolobii is one of the most important root-knot nematode in tropical regions, due to its ability to overcome resistance mechanisms of a number of host plants. The lack of new and safe active ingredients against this nematode has restricted control alternatives for growers. Egg-parasitic fungi have been considered as potential candidates for the development of bionematicides. In tissue culture plates, Pochonia chlamydosporia (var. catenulata and chlamydosporia) and Purpureocillium lilacinum strains were screened for their ability to infect eggs of the root-knot nematode M. enterolobii on water-agar surfaces. Reduction in the hatching of J2 varied from 13% to 84%, depending on strain. The more efficacious strains reduced hatchability of J2 by 57% to 84% when compared to untreated eggs, but average reductions were only 37% to 55% when the same strains were applied to egg masses. Combinations of fungal isolates (one of each species) did not increase the control efficacy in vitro. In experiments in which 10,000 nematode eggs were inoculated per plant, reductions in the number of eggs after 12 months were seen in three of four treatments in banana plants, reaching 34% for P. chlamydosporia var. catenulata. No significant reductions were seen in tomato plants after 3 mon. In another experiment with tomato plants using either P. chlamydosporia var. catenulata or P. lilacinum, the number of eggs was reduced by 34% and 44%, respectively, when initial infestation level was low (500 nematode eggs per plant), but tested strains were not effective under a moderate infestation level (5,000 eggs per plant). Under all infestation levels tested in this work, gall and egg mass indexes (MI) did not differ from the untreated controls, bringing concerns related to the practical adoption of this control strategy by farmers. In our opinion, if the fungi P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum are to be used as biocontrol tools toward M. entorolobii, they should focus on agricultural settings with low soil infestation levels and within an IPM approach.
RESUMO
Ecotoxicity tests are key to predict environmental hazards resulting from chemical and biological pesticides in non-target species. In order to assess the effects of microbial pesticides it is important to determine if they cause infection in test organisms. At present the microbial elimination rate or clearance is not included in ecotoxicological regulatory protocols. This study evaluated the elimination of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus from fish and snails, after 30 days' exposure to commercial formulations of such entomopathogens. Data obtained showed that in clean water the tendency to eliminate microbial agents from the body of the exposed organisms is gradual over time but after 7 days the fish and snails were free of the two tested Bacillus spp.
Assuntos
Bacillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Biomphalaria/microbiologia , Characidae/microbiologia , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/microbiologia , Animais , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/toxicidade , Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidade , Brasil , Ensaio de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias , Ecotoxicologia , Endotoxinas/toxicidade , Proteínas Hemolisinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as experiências vividas por pacientes que fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de dois hospitais do extremo sul do Brasil. A presente pesquisa foi conduzida na perspectiva qualitativa, sendo realizada com 10 pacientes que salientaram suas principais dificuldades e necessidades durante o período em que fizeram uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva. Os resultados apontam que as dificuldades relatadas relacionaram-se especialmente com a presença da via aérea artificial, sendo elas: sensação de sufocamento, náuseas, lesões decorrentes do tubo endotraqueal, acúmulo de secreções no tubo endotraqueal e cavidade oral e afonia. Além disso, os pacientes referiram necessidades de comunicação, sede e alterações da rotina pessoal. Os achados deste estudo elucidaram a vivência do paciente crítico, mediante esse recurso invasivo, trazendo elementos importantes a serem considerados para o cuidado de enfermagem.
The aim of this study was to identify the experiences of patients who used invasive mechanical ventilation in intensive care units of two hospitals in Southern Brazil. This research was conducted in a qualitative way, consisting of 10 interviewees, who emphasized their main difficulties and necessities during the period in which they used invasive mechanical ventilation. The results indicate that the difficulties reported were specially related to the presence of the artificial airway, such as: suffocation felling, nausea, injuries caused by the endotracheal tube, accumulation of secretions in the endotracheal tube and oral cavity and aphonia. In addition, the patients reported other problems such as: communication needs, thirst, and changes in their personal routine. Our findings elucidated the experience of critically ill patients through this invasive feature, bringing important issues to be considered for nursing care.
El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las experiencias de los pacientes que hicieron uso de la ventilación mecánica invasiva en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de dos hospitales en el extremo sur de Brasil. La presente investigación fue conducida en la perspectiva cualitativa, siendo compuesta por 10 entrevistados, que destacaron sus principales dificultades y necesidades durante el periodo en que hicieron uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Los resultados apuntan que las dificultades relatadas se relacionaron especialmente a la presencia de la vía aérea artificial, siendo ellas: sensación de sofocarse, náuseas, lesiones decurrentes del tubo endotraqueal, acumulo de secreciones en el tubo endotraqueal, cavidad oral y afonía. También los pacientes refirieron necesidades comunicacionales, sede y alteraciones de la rutina personal. Los hallazgos de este estudio elucidaron la vivencia del paciente crítico mediante este recurso invasivo, trayendo puntos importantes a considerarse para el cuidado de enfermería.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Pesquisa em Enfermagem , Respiração Artificial , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
The context of health assistance has been influenced by changes which are produced in the dimension of technology. They have triggered a lot of inquietude and questioning regarding benefits, risks, and relations constructed among workers and sick, and the use of machines as indispensable tools for care. This paper aims at reflecting on the use of technology in nursing care given to the critical sick in the intensive care unit. It is expected that this reflection can minimize doubts which permeate technological environments, such as the intensive care unit, and the conceptions of nursing care since it involves the use of machines and equipment which provide advanced life support in this field of health assistance.
Assuntos
Tecnologia Biomédica , Cuidados Críticos , Cuidados de Enfermagem , Filosofia em Enfermagem , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
O contexto de assistência à saúde vem sendo influenciado por mudanças produzidas no âmbito da tecnologia o que tem gerado diversas inquietações e indagações acerca dos benefícios, riscos e das relações construídas entre trabalhadores, doentes e a utilização de máquinas como instrumentos imprescindíveis ao cuidado. O objetivo deste artigo foi refletir sobre o uso da tecnologia no cuidado de enfermagem ao doente crítico em terapia intensiva. Espera-se com estas reflexões minimizar arestas que permeiam os ambientes tecnologizados como a terapia intensiva e as concepções de cuidado de enfermagem que neste campo da assistência em saúde envolve o uso de máquinas e equipamentos que oferecem suporte avançado de vida.
The context of health assistance has been influenced by changes which are produced in the dimension of technology. They have triggered a lot of inquietude and questioning regarding benefits, risks, and relations constructed among workers and sick, and the use of machines as indispensable tools for care. This paper aims at reflecting on the use of technology in nursing care given to the critical sick in the intensive care unit. It is expected that this reflection can minimize doubts which permeate technological environments, such as the intensive care unit, and the conceptions of nursing care since it involves the use of machines and equipment which provide advanced life support in this field of health assistance.
El contexto de atención a la salud viene siendo influenciado por cambios producidos en el ámbito de la tecnología lo que tiene generando diversas inquietudes e indagaciones acerca de los beneficios, riesgos y de las relaciones construidas entre trabajadores, enfermo y la utilización de máquinas como instrumentos imprescindibles al cuidado. El objetivo de este artículo fue reflexionar sobre el uso de la tecnología en el cuidado de enfermería al enfermo crítico en terapia intensiva. Se espera con estas reflexiones minimizar aristas que permean los ambientes tecnologizados como la terapia intensiva y las concepciones de cuidado de enfermería que en este campo de la asistencia en salud envuelve el uso de máquinas y equipamientos que ofrecen soporte avanzado de vida.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tecnologia Biomédica , Cuidados Críticos , Cuidados de Enfermagem , Filosofia em Enfermagem , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP1) has been extensively studied as a blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate, with most work focused on the conserved 19 kDa and semi-conserved 42 kDa C-terminal regions (blocks 16-17) and the hypervariable N-terminal repeat region (block 2). However, recent genotyping studies suggest that additional regions of MSP1 may be under selective pressure, including a locus of intragenic recombination designated as block 4 within the 3' region of the gene. METHODS: The current study examined the antibody response to the two parental and two recombinant forms of block 4 and to blocks 16-17 (3D7) in study populations from Colombia, Papua New Guinea and Cameroon that differ in malaria transmission intensity and ethnic composition. RESULTS: IgM and IgG antibodies were detected against parental and recombinant MSP1 block 4 peptides in all three populations. Overall, 32-44% of the individuals produced IgM to one or more of the peptides, with most individuals having IgM antibodies reactive with both parental and recombinant forms. In contrast, IgG seropositivity to block 4 varied among populations (range 15-65%), with the majority of antibodies showing specificity for one or a pair of block 4 peptides. The IgG response to block 4 was significantly lower than that to blocks 16-17, indicating block 4 is subdominant. Antibodies to block 4 and blocks 16-17 displayed distinct IgG subclass biases, with block 4 responses biased toward IgG3 and blocks 16-17 toward IgG1. These patterns of responsiveness were consistently observed in the three study populations. CONCLUSIONS: Production of antibodies specific for each parental and recombinant MSP1 block 4 allele in different populations exposed to P. falciparum is consistent with balancing selection of the MSP1 block 4 region by the immune response of individuals in areas of both low and high malaria transmission. MSP1 block 4 determinants may be important in isolate-specific immunity to P. falciparum.
Assuntos
Epitopos/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Malária Falciparum/imunologia , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/genética , Plasmodium falciparum/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/genética , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Camarões , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Reações Cruzadas/genética , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Epitopos/genética , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/genética , Imunoglobulina M/genética , Lactente , Malária Falciparum/transmissão , Masculino , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/imunologia , Proteína 1 de Superfície de Merozoito/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papua Nova Guiné , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: With the increasing incidence of paediatric asthma, there has been a corresponding increase in the physical, emotional and financial burden. This has led to a greater interest in determining the impact of asthma and its treatment on many aspects of patient functioning and wellbeing. AIM: To assess the usefulness of the Asthma Clinic established in Jamaica in 1997 by ascertaining whether there has been improvement in quality of life of children and care-givers who attend the clinic. METHODS: The quality of life of patients and their parents/care-givers before attending the Asthma Clinic of Bustamante Hospital for Children in Kingston, Jamaica was compared with that of 1 year afterwards. Parents or guardians were interviewed using the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire which consists of three domains [symptoms (ten questions), emotional (eight questions) and activity (five questions)] and the Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of life Questionnaire which consist of two domains [emotional (nine questions) and activity (four questions)]. RESULTS: Quality of life improved in patients and their parents/care-givers in all domains. CONCLUSION: Attendance at an asthma clinic in Jamaica improved the quality of life of asthmatic children and their parents/care-givers.
Assuntos
Asma/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Asma/economia , Asma/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The environmental toxicology of chemical pesticides have increased interest in the development and use of microbial pest control agents. In the present study four new Brazilian strains of Bacillus and one fungus were tested to evaluate the acute oral toxicity and clearance of these microbials in C57BL6 mice. No mortality was observed after exposure for any of the microorganisms tested. Clearance was significant after 30 days but for one strain of B. thuringiensis and one of B. sphaericus this time was not enough to completely eliminate the spores.
Assuntos
Bacillus/patogenicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Fungos/patogenicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Controle de Pragas/métodosRESUMO
A truncated version of the cry1Ca gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into the genome of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) under the control of two promoters. A recombinant virus (vSyncry1c) was isolated and used to infect insect cells in culture and insect larvae. Structural and ultrastructural analysis of insects infected with vSyncry1C showed the formation of large cuboidal crystals inside the cytoplasm of insect cells in culture and in insect cadavers late in infection. Infected insect cell extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot and showed the presence of a 65-kDa polypeptide probably corresponding to the protease processed form of the toxin. Bioassays using purified recombinant toxin crystals showed a CL(50) of 19.49 ng/ml for 2(nd) instar A. gemmatalis larvae and 114.1 ng/ml for S. frugiperda.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/toxicidade , Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidade , Endotoxinas/toxicidade , Lepidópteros , Nucleopoliedrovírus/genética , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Spodoptera , Animais , Bacillus thuringiensis , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Endotoxinas/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Larva/virologia , Lepidópteros/ultraestrutura , Lepidópteros/virologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/toxicidade , Spodoptera/ultraestrutura , Spodoptera/virologiaRESUMO
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important agricultural commodity, which is attacked by several pests such as the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis. Adult A. grandis feed on fruits and leaf petioles, reducing drastically the crop production. The predominance of boll weevil digestive serine proteinases has motivated inhibitor screenings in order to discover new ones with the capability to reduce the digestion process. The present study describes a novel proteinase inhibitor from chickpea seeds (Cicer arietinum L.) and its effects against A. grandis. This inhibitor, named CaTI, was purified by using affinity Red-Sepharose Cl-6B chromatography, followed by reversed-phase HPLC (Vydac C18-TP). SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses, showed a unique monomeric protein with a mass of 12,877 Da. Purified CaTI showed significant inhibitory activity against larval cotton boll weevil serine proteinases (78%) and against bovine pancreatic trypsin (73%), when analyzed by fluorimetric assays. Although the molecular mass of CaTI corresponded to alpha-amylase/trypsin bifunctional inhibitors masses, no inhibitory activity against insect and mammalian alpha-amylases was observed. In order to observe CaTI in vivo effects, an inhibitor rich fraction was added to an artificial diet at different concentrations. At 1.5% (w/w), CaTI caused severe development delay, several deformities and a mortality rate of approximately 45%. These results suggested that CaTI could be useful in the production of transgenic cotton plants with enhanced resistance toward cotton boll weevil.