RESUMO
The authors analyse the relationships which exist, in terms of programmes, sectors and institutions, between animal health, animal production and veterinary public health on the one hand, and between each of these three sectors and public health in general on the other. The most important common factor is food safety. Undernutrition, which affects some 60 million inhabitants of Latin America and the Caribbean, is still the most important public health problem in this part of the world. While it is known that the major cause of undernutrition is the low gross domestic product and uneven distribution of wealth, increased animal production and productivity would provide the key to an improvement in the situation. The concept of animal health, in its broadest sense, implies optimum animal production in a given region and during a specified period of time. Veterinary public health has functions and objectives which are crucial for food safety: protection and hygiene of foods, and control of the use in animal production of substances toxic to human beings (such as heavy metals, hormones and insecticides). Within the area of transmissible diseases, the authors discuss control measures for zoonoses. Besides the specific subject of interdisciplinary relationships in regard to zoonoses, the authors stress the importance of joint work conducted in the research, development and implementation of laboratory diagnostic activities and the production and quality control of antigens and vaccines. The production of laboratory animals is another sphere of common activity and research, and it cannot be said that such work is specific to any one of the three disciplines. Moreover, the fields of health, animal health and veterinary public health share the same methods and strategies, and reciprocal benefits could be more significant than the objectives of individual programmes. Reference is made to the organisation of state services and their adaptation to administrative de-centralisation, particularly at the local level.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Alimentos/normas , Saúde Pública , Medicina Veterinária , Animais , Resíduos de Drogas , Humanos , Ciência dos Animais de Laboratório , América Latina , Distúrbios Nutricionais/prevenção & controle , Índias Ocidentais , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Tradicionalmente a saúde animal está vinculada exclusivamente aos modelos biomédicos das enfermidades dos animais, principalmente as transmissíveis. A influência microbiologicista, sempre associada à técnica de diangóstico e a procedimentos imunoprofiláticos, apesar de produzir avanços notórios, também produz metodologicamente uma visäo reducional, parcial e desintegradora da saúde animal. As alternativas de soluçäo dos problemas de saúde animal na América Latina têm que levar em consideraçäo as características destas sociedades, considerando que nestas há grupos de atores sociais com distintas visöes, objetivos e interesses
Assuntos
Saúde Pública Veterinária , Epidemiologia , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
The objective of veterinaty epidemiology is established as the definition, analysis and solution of specific animal-health profiles. In turn, those profiles are understood as the synthesis at a given time and place of the production and sanitary problems with the actions organized by society to resolve them. The reference framework is the economic, political and social structure in which the livestock activity is developed. Determined by the role played by the livestock activity in the development of Latin América from colonial times to the present, the structure of production assumes specific forms to livestock organization. These forms are conceived as the principal epidemiological categories: pre-industrial beef cattle breeding, industrial forms of breeding and of fattening-finishing, industrial forms of milk production and peasant subfamily simple mercantile and associative forms. A methodology is proposed for the objetive characterization of these productions forms, based on indicators of productivity ,indirect indicators of the organization of the animal hered, and economic indicators, some of which are readily available from existing census information. A short epidemiological analysis attemps to outline the formal and ideological content of the various categories of epidemiology. Within an overall view of the concrete reality, these categories are not exclusive if they are taken as.
Assuntos
Epidemiologia , Saúde Pública Veterinária , América Latina , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Se establece como objetivo de la epidemiología veterinaria el definir, conocer y resolver perfiles específicos de salud animal, los que por su vez son entendidos como la síntesis en un espacio y tiempo concretos entre problemas productivo-sanitarios y acciones organizadas por la sociedad para resolverlos. El marco de referencia es la estructura económica, política y social en que se desarrolla la ganadería. Determinada por el papel que jugó la ganadería en el desarrollo de América Latina desde la época de las colonias hastas nuestos días, la estructura de producción asume formas específicas de organización ganadera que son concebidas como las categorías epidemiológicas principales. Se distinguen formas preempresariales de cría de ganado de carne; formas empresariales de cría, de producción de leche y de engorde y formas campesinas subfamiliares, mercantiles y asociativas. Se propone una metología para la caracterización objetiva de estas formas de producción basada en indicadores de productividad, indicadores indirectos de la organización del rebaño animal e indicadores económicos, algunos de los cuales fácilmente asequibles a través de información censal existente.
The objective of veterinary epidemiology is established as the definition, analysis and solution of specific animal-health profiles. In turn, those profiles are understood as the synthesis at a given time and place of the production and sanitary problems with the actions organized by society to resolve them. The reference framework is the economic, political and social structure in which the livestock ativity is developed. Determined by the role played by the livestock activity in the development of Latin America from colonial times to the present, the structures of production assumes specific forms of livestock organization. These forms are conceived as the principal epidemiological categories: pre-industrial beef cattle breeding, industial forms of breeding and of fattening-finishing, industrial, industrial forms of milk production, and peasant subfamily simple mercantile and associative forms. A methodology is proposed for the objective characterization of these production forms, based on indicators of productivity, idirect indicators of the organization of the animal herd, and economic indicators, some of which are readily avaiable from existing census information.
Assuntos
Fatores Epidemiológicos , Medicina Veterinária , Vigilância Sanitária , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Produção de Alimentos , Produção de Alimentos , Fatores Epidemiológicos , Medicina Veterinária , Vigilância Sanitária , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMO
[Introducción] En este trabajo se presenta un estudio general del comportamiento de la incidencia de la estomatitis vesicular (EV) en la población animal en la dimensión espacio-temporal de los cuatro países de América del Sur donde ella se presenta con frecuencia.
[Introduction] This paper presents a general study of the bhavoir of the incidence of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the animal population in the space-time dimension of the four South American countries in which the isease frequently occurs.
Assuntos
Estudos Epidemiológicos , Estomatite Vesicular , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , América do SulRESUMO
[Introducción] Este trabajo pretende integrar en un enfoque global los resultados de aplicación a los programas que se pueden extraer de las publicaciones sobre fiebre aftosa, recalcando en particular aquellos eslabones de su cadena epidemiológica que aún están por ser encontrados y que son críticos para la planificación racional de su combate. Este método deberá permitir una mejor prioritación de las investigaciones en materia de fiebre aftosa.
Assuntos
Febre Aftosa , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , EpidemiologiaRESUMO
En un trabajo que publicamos en este mismo número se describe un método simplificado para prepara el antígeno asociado a la infección viral (VIA) para la identificación de animales infectados con el virus de la fiebre aftosa. Este antígeno fue usado en la prueba de doble difusión en agar como lo describieron McVicar e Sutmoller. Cuatro estudios preliminares se llevaron a cabo con sueros de diferentes grupos de animales para probar el valor de este antígeno para detectar infecciones de fiebre aftosa(FA).