RESUMO

Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with HIV (PLHIV) is usually paucibacillary and the smear microscopy has limitations and may lead to high proportions of non-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (NC-PTB). Despite culture being the reference method, it usually takes 6 to 8 weeks to produce the results. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a rapid molecular test (Xpert) in the confirmatory rate of PTB among PLHIV, from 2010 to 2020, in São Paulo state, Brazil. This is an ecological study with time series analysis of the trend and the NC-PTB rates before and after Xpert implementation in 21 municipalities. The use of Xpert started and gradually increased after 2014, while the rate of NC-PTB in PLHIV decreased over this time, being more significant between late 2015 and mid-2017. The city of Ribeirão Preto stands out for having the highest percentage (75.0%) of Xpert testing among PLHIV and for showing two reductions in the NC-PTB rate. The cities with low Xpert coverage had a slower and smaller decrease in the NC-PTB rate. Despite being available since 2014, a significant proportion of PLHIV suspected of PTB in the state of São Paulo did not have an Xpert ordered by the doctors. The implementation of Xpert reduced the NC-PTB rates with growing effect as the coverage increased in the municipality.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: To analyze the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in the state of Paraná, Brazil, from 2015 to 2020. METHODS: Ecological study with quantitative approach. This study was based on diagnosed cases of pulmonary TB reported in the Notifiable Disease Information System in residents of Paraná; as well as through the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the state epidemiological bulletin for the year 2020. The study data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: It was found that, although the number of reported pulmonary TB cases (drug-resistant and general) increased between 2015 and 2019, there was a drop in notification in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The notification of TB cases was also influenced monthly during the year according to the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. For cases of drug-resistant pulmonary TB, the provision of diagnostic tests and Directly Observed Treatment decreased by more than half in 2020, especially when compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: In view of these findings, the influence of COVID-19 on the diagnosis and monitoring of drug-resistant and general pulmonary TB cases is evident, showing that the pandemic has compromised the advances of recent decades in achieving the goals established for its eradication by 2035.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Analisar concordância entre diagnósticos de Doença Renal Crônica em prontuários clínicos e pelo critério da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia em Pessoas vivendo com HIV. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de concordância de diagnósticos, através de levantamento de prontuários. A população do estudo foi de 258 pessoas vivendo com HIV atendidas em um serviço de atendimento especializado localizado em um interior de São Paulo, no ano de 2017. Para cálculo da concordância foi utilizado o índice Kappa, copositividade e conegatividade. Encontramos 6,5% pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica pelo critério da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia; e 5,42% pelo diagnóstico médico. O índice Kappa foi de 0,55; a copositividade de 52,9% e conegatividade de 97,9%. Identificou-se uma concordância dos diagnósticos moderada, copositividade baixa e alta conegatividade. O que aponta uma importância de investigações precisas dos diagnósticos pautados em mais de um critério avaliativo. (AU)

To analyze the agreement between Chronic Kidney Disease diagnoses in clinical records and by the criteria of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology in People Living with HIV. This is a descriptive study of diagnostic agreement, through medical records survey. The study population consisted of 258 people living with HIV attended at a specialized care service located in some interior of São Paulo State, in 2017. To calculate the agreement, the Kappa index, copositivity and connectivity was used. We found 6.5% patients with Chronic Kidney Disease according to the criteria of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology; and 5.42% by medical diagnosis. The Kappa index was 0.55; the copositivity of 52.9% and connectivity of 97.9%. A moderate diagnoses concordance, low copositivity and high connectivity was identified. This indicates the importance of accurate investigations of diagnoses based on more than one evaluative criterion. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Prisons context has the potential for the spread of infectious diseases, like HIV and tuberculosis, which prevalence is higher in the people deprived of liberty compared to the general population. OBJECTIVE: to analyze which are the determinants of coinfection tuberculosis and HIV in prisons. METHODOLOGY: Case-control study conducted in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. New cases of tuberculosis in the population deprived of liberty in the period between 2015 and 2017 were considered. Data were obtained through the notification and monitoring system for tuberculosis cases in the state of São Paulo and included sociodemographic and clinical variables and diagnosis and treatment information. The data were analyzed through frequency distribution and bivariate analysis, testing the association of the dependent variable (tuberculosis/HIV coinfection vs. tuberculosis/HIV non-coinfection) with independent variables (sociodemographic, clinical and diagnostics variables) by calculating the odds ratio and p-value. RESULTS: Among the determinants of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in prisons, we identified: age between 26-35, 36-55 and 56-84 years, notification in hospitals, negative sputum smear microscopy and culture, X-ray suggestive of another pathology, extrapulmonary and mixed clinical form, and alcoholism. A high percentage of death was also identified among coinfected people. CONCLUSIONS: identifying the determinants of the tuberculosis/HIV coinfected individual can assist in the development and implementation of guidelines aimed at controlling both infections in the prison environment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the care provided to individuals with Tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection in prison units in the state of São Paulo, according to the regional coordination of prisons. METHODS: cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2018. A structured questionnaire was applied to 112 directors or health professionals from 168 prison units. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution and multiple correspondence analysis. RESULTS: 92.9% of participants reported active search for respiratory symptoms, 89.3% offer the directly observed treatment (DOT) for all TB cases, 95.5% anti-HIV testing for all inmates, 92.9% offer HIV follow-up in specialized care services and 59.8% antiretroviral drugs for cases of coinfection. An association was identified between the Northwest and Central regional coordinations and deficient human resources and low performance of actions for the diagnosis and follow-up of cases. CONCLUSIONS: although most prison units perform planned actions for the care of coinfected persons, some places need support to guarantee access to these actions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). METHOD: a paired case-control study (4 controls for each case) carried out in a specialized care service in the Southeastern of Brazil, by analyzing PLHIV medical records. The sample consisted of 85 participants, corresponding to 17 cases and 68 controls. Pearson's chi-square test (Χ2) and Fisher's exact test, logistic regression, Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p<0.05 were used. SPSS version 25.0 and R Core Team, 2018 version 3.5.1 were used. RESULTS: the factors associated with chronic kidney disease identified in this study were the following: presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension [OR=5.8, CI (95%)=1.84-18.42, p=0.001] and use of nephrotoxic anti-retrovirals in the previous therapeutic regimen [OR=3.3, CI (95%)=1.105-10.221, p=0.028]. On the other hand, age below 40 years old [OR: 0.122, CI (95%)=0.015-0.981, p=0.022] was identified as a protective factor. CONCLUSION: the PLHIV under study have multi-factorial exposure associated with chronic kidney disease. However, knowing these factors helps to identify the existing risks and/or renal dysfunction, in addition to supporting the clinical decision of the health professionals who directly assist them.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of infectious disease-related death, surpassing even the immunodeficiency virus. Treatment loss to follow up and irregular medication use contribute to persistent morbidity and mortality. This increases bacillus drug resistance and has a negative impact on disease control. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a computational model that predicts the loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients, thereby increasing treatment adherence and cure, reducing efforts regarding treatment relapses and decreasing disease spread. METHODS: This is a case-controlled study. Included in the data set were 103,846 tuberculosis cases from the state of São Paulo. They were collected using the TBWEB, an information system used as a tuberculosis treatment monitor, containing samples from 2006 to 2016. This set was later resampled into 6 segments with a 1-1 ratio. This ratio was used to avoid any bias during the model construction. RESULTS: The Classification and Regression Trees were used as the prediction model. Training and test sets accounted for 70% in the former and 30% in the latter of the tuberculosis cases. The model displayed an accuracy of 0.76, F-measure of 0.77, sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.71. The model emphasizes the relationship between several variables that had been identified in previous studies as related to patient cure or loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients. CONCLUSION: It was possible to construct a predictive model for loss to follow up treatment in tuberculosis patients using Classification and Regression Trees. Although the fact that the ideal predictive ability was not achieved, it seems reasonable to propose the use of Classification and Regression Trees models to predict likelihood of treatment follow up to support healthcare professionals in minimising the loss to follow up.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Over the years, various recommendations have been made in pursuit of controlling resistance to antituberculosis drugs, especially multidrug resistance, in Brazil. Given the importance of standardizing those recommendations, the aim of this study was to describe the main recommendations of the Brazilian guidelines, primarily those related to the treatment and follow-up of cases of tuberculosis. From August through October of 2018, a document search was conducted via the websites of the Brazilian National Ministry of Health, the Brazilian National Tuberculosis Control Program, the JBP, and the Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Data were collected systematically by using a protocol designed specifically for this study. Documents published between 2004 and 2018 were selected. It was possible to understand and trace the history of the measures for the control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Brazil from 2004, when the first documents related to the disease were published, up to 2018, when the second edition of the Brazilian National Guidelines for the Control of Tuberculosis was published. The contents of the documents were analyzed and grouped by case definition, diagnostic criteria, treatment, use of directly observed treatment; mechanisms of social protection for patients; data tools; and organization of care. This analysis allowed us to understand the efforts towards standardizing some measures in Brazil, not only identifying advances in the alignment with international prerogatives (case definition, incorporation of diagnostic technology, and treatment regimens) but also underscoring the need for greater clarity regarding the mechanisms of social protection and the organization of the care provided via the Brazilian health care system.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os sentidos discursivos produzidos por pessoas vivendo com HIV acerca da experiência do adoecimento crônico. Método: estudo qualitativo, ancorado no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa. A partir de roteiro semiestruturado, foram entrevistados 11 indivíduos assistidos no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em doenças infectocontagiosas de um município do interior paulista. Considerou-se, ainda, a descrição dos perfis sociodemográfico, comportamental e clínico dos participantes, a partir de questionário fechado. Resultados: os perfis sociodemográfico e comportamental assemelharam-se aos dados epidemiológicos da infecção em âmbitos nacional e internacional. Quanto ao perfil clínico, chama atenção a predominância de indivíduos com carga viral detectável. O (re)conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico dos participantes possibilitou a apreensão e a compreensão das condições de produção em sentidos restrito e amplo que estão na base dos discursos. Os gestos interpretativos possibilitaram a elaboração de dois blocos discursivos: sentidos de incorporação e (re)produção do discurso biomédico; e da normalização à resistência: processos de experienciar o HIV em cronicidade. As análises discursivas indicaram a incorporação e a reprodução do discurso biomédico com sentidos edificados na patologia. Observou-se, ainda, a tentativa de alinhamento ao pensamento de normalização do HIV. Contudo, aspectos fragilizadores (preconceito, discriminação e estigma) estiveram na base dos discursos dos sujeitos. Conclusão: os resultados podem contribuir para a qualificação da assistência, especialmente na abordagem pela equipe multiprofissional, favorecendo espaços dialógicos sobre a experiência crônica com o HIV.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: analizar el significado de los discursos que producen las personas con VIH/ SIDA sobre la experiencia de vivir con una enfermedad crónica. MÉTODO: estudio cualitativo, en base al marco teórico-metodológico del Análisis del Discurso de matriz francesa. A partir de un guión semiestructurado, se entrevistó a 11 personas en el Servicio de Atención Especializada de Enfermedades Infecciosas de una ciudad del interior de São Paulo. También se consideró la descripción del perfil sociodemográfico, conductual y clínico de los participantes, en base a un cuestionario cerrado. RESULTADOS: el perfil sociodemográfico y conductual fue similar a los datos epidemiológicos de la infección a nivel nacional e internacional. En cuanto al perfil clínico, se destaca el predominio de individuos con carga viral detectable. El (re) conocimiento del perfil epidemiológico de los participantes permitió captar y comprender las condiciones de producción en un sentido amplio y restringido que yacen en la base de los discursos. Los gestos interpretativos permitieron elaborar dos bloques discursivos: significados de incorporación y (re) producción del discurso biomédico; y de la normalización a la resistencia: procesos de la experiencia con el VIH crónico. Los análisis discursivos indicaron la incorporación y reproducción del discurso biomédico con significados construidos sobre la patología. También hubo un intento de alinearse con la idea de normalizar el VIH. Sin embargo, la base de los discursos de los sujetos fueron los aspectos debilitantes de la enfermedad (prejuicios, discriminación y estigma). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados pueden contribuir a la calificación de la asistencia, especialmente por parte del equipo multidisciplinario, favoreciendo espacios de diálogo sobre la experiencia crónica con el VIH.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the discursive meanings produced by people living with HIV about the experience of chronic illness. Method: qualitative study, anchored in the theoretical-methodological framework of discourse analysis of French matrix. Based on a semi-structured script, 11 individuals assisted in the Specialized Care Service for infectious diseases in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo state were interviewed. We also considered the description of the sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical profiles of the participants, based on a closed questionnaire. Results: sociodemographic and behavioral profiles were similar to epidemiological data of infection at national and international level. Regarding the clinical profile, the predominance of individuals with detectable viral load is detectable. The (re)knowledge of the epidemiological profile of the participants allowed the apprehension and understanding of the production conditions in restricted and broad senses that are the basis of the discourses. The interpretative gestures allowed the elaboration of two discursive blocks: meanings of incorporation and (re)production of biomedical discourse; and normalization to resistance: processes of experiencing HIV in chronicity. Discursive analyses indicated the incorporation and reproduction of biomedical discourse with meanings built in pathology. It was also observed the attempt to align with the thought of HIV normalization.However, weakening aspects (prejudice, discrimination and stigma) were the basis of the subjects' discourses. Conclusion: the results can contribute to the qualification of care, especially in the approach by the multidisciplinary team, favoring dialogical spaces about chronic experience with HIV.Keywords:Chronic Disease; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome;

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: to analyze the factors associated to chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Method: a paired case-control study (4 controls for each case) carried out in a specialized care service in the Southeastern of Brazil, by analyzing PLHIV medical records. The sample consisted of 85 participants, corresponding to 17 cases and 68 controls. Pearson's chi-square test (Χ2) and Fisher's exact test, logistic regression, Odds Ratio (OR), 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and p<0.05 were used. SPSS version 25.0 and R Core Team, 2018 version 3.5.1 were used. Results: the factors associated with chronic kidney disease identified in this study were the following: presence of Systemic Arterial Hypertension [OR=5.8, CI (95%)=1.84-18.42, p=0.001] and use of nephrotoxic anti-retrovirals in the previous therapeutic regimen [OR=3.3, CI (95%)=1.105-10.221, p=0.028]. On the other hand, age below 40 years old [OR: 0.122, CI (95%)=0.015-0.981, p=0.022] was identified as a protective factor. Conclusion: the PLHIV under study have multi-factorial exposure associated with chronic kidney disease. However, knowing these factors helps to identify the existing risks and/or renal dysfunction, in addition to supporting the clinical decision of the health professionals who directly assist them.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à doença renal crônica em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV). Método: estudo do tipo caso-controle pareado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado em um serviço de atendimento especializado no sudeste do Brasil, por meio de análise de prontuários de PVHIV. A amostra foi de 85 participantes, correspondendo a 17 casos e 68 controles. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado de Pearson (Χ2) e teste exato de Fisher, regressão logística, Odds Ratio (OR), Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95% e p<0,05. Utilizou-se os programas SPSS versão 25.0 e R Core Team, 2018 versão 3.5.1. Resultados: os fatores associados à doença renal crônica identificados neste estudo foram: a presença de Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] e o uso dos antirretrovirais nefrotóxicos em esquema terapêutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por outro lado, a idade menor de 40 anos [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)= 0,015-0,981, p=0,022] foi identificada como um fator de proteção. Conclusão: as PVHIV estudadas possuem exposição multifatorial associadas à doença renal crônica. Entretanto, conhecer esses fatores auxilia na identificação dos riscos e/ou disfunção renal existentes, além de dar suporte na decisão clínica dos profissionais da saúde que os assistem diretamente.

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica en personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVIH). Método: estudio del tipo caso-control emparejado (4 controles para cada caso), realizado en un servicio de atención especializado en el sudeste de Brasil por medio del análisis de registros médicos de PVVIH. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 85 participantes, correspondiendo a 17 casos y 68 controles. Se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado de Pearson (Χ2) y la prueba exacta de Fisher, regresión logística, OddsRatio (OR), Intervalo de Confianza (IC) del 95%, y p<0,05. Se utilizaron los programas SPSS versión 25.0 y R Core Team, 2018 versión 3.5.1. Resultados: los factores asociados a la enfermedad renal crónica identificados en este estudio fueron los siguientes: presencia de Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica [OR=5,8, IC (95%)=1,84-18,42, p=0,001] y uso de antirretrovirales nefrotóxicos en esquema terapéutico anterior [OR=3,3, IC (95%)=1,105-10,221, p=0,028]. Por otra parte, la edad menor que 40 años [OR: 0,122, IC (95%)=0,015-0,981, p=0,022] se identificó como un factor de protección. Conclusión: las PVVIH estudiadas presentan exposición multifactorial asociada a la enfermedad renal crónica. Sin embargo, conocer estos factores ayuda a identificar los riesgos y/o la disfunción renal existentes, además de servir como soporte para la decisión clínica de los profesionales de la salud que atienden directamente a estas personas.

Assuntos