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Abstract Objective: To examine the intervention programs that have been conducted on body image in adolescents. Materials and methods: The PRISMA statement was used in this review. The search for studies was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE-ProQuest, and EBSCO databases from January 1, 2017, to January 25, 2022. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project. Results: Eight studies were included, most of which had a strong methodological quality. The results obtained after the implementation of the programs reflected favorable changes in body image and body satisfaction for adolescents between 11 and 18 years old, only for five studies. Additionally, five studies maintained the same changes at follow-up. Conclusions: Findings from this review allow us to conclude that intervention programs are a safe and effective way to influence adolescent body image.

Resumen Objetivo: Examinar los programas de intervención que se han realizado sobre imagen corporal en adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: En esta revisión se utilizó la declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda de los estudios se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE-ProQuest y EBSCO, a partir del 1 enero de 2017 hasta el 25 de enero de 2022. La calidad metodológica se evaluó a través de la Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, desarrollada por el Effective Public Health Practice Project. Resultados: Se incluyeron ocho estudios, de los cuales la mayoría tuvo una calidad metodológica fuerte. Los resultados obtenidos después de la implementación de los programas reflejaron cambios favorables en la imagen corporal y en satisfacción corporal para los adolescentes de entre 11 y 18 años, solo para cinco estudios. Adicionalmente, cinco estudios mantuvieron en el seguimiento los mismos cambios. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de esta revisión nos permiten concluir que los programas de intervención, constituyen una forma segura y eficaz de incidir en la imagen corporal de los adolescentes.

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Resumen Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de un programa de alfabetización en medios (AM) para promover la satisfacción corporal y la alimentación saludable en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años de edad. Es un estudio cuantitativo, cuasiexperimental y longitudinal, con preprueba y postprueba. Participaron 30 mujeres adolescentes de 12-15 años de edad, asignadas aleatoriamente a una de dos condiciones: programa de AM (n = 16) y grupo control en lista de espera (n = 14). Las participantes completaron, en preprueba y postprueba, el Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Apariencia Física (SATAQ-3), el Cuestionario de Evitación de la Imagen Corporal (BIAQ) y el Cuestionario de Comportamiento Alimentario (CCA). Hubo una disminución en las puntuaciones obtenidas por el grupo con intervención. Las participantes reportaron comparar menos su cuerpo con relación al cuerpo de las personas que son atléticas (F = 4.17, p = .05), las participantes también consideraron, al finalizar la intervención, que las personas famosas no son una fuente importante de información sobre la moda y sobre cómo ser atractiva (F = 6.87, p = .01). Los programas de AM son herramientas socioeducativas útiles para prevenir la insatisfacción corporal y los comportamientos alimentarios de riesgo, así como para promover conductas saludables.

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a media literacy (ML) program to promote body satisfaction and healthy eating in adolescents from 12 to 15 years old. The study is quantitative, quasi-experimental and longitudinal study, with pre-test and final post-test. Participated 30 female adolescents aged from 12 to 15 years old, randomly assigned to one of two conditions: ML program (n = 16) and control group on the waiting list (n = 14), who answered the Attitudes to the Physical Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3), the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) and the Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CCA). The participants reported comparing their body less with respect to the body of people who are athletic (F = 4.17, p = .05), the participants also considered, at the end of the intervention, that famous people are not an important source of information about fashion and how to be attractive (F = 6.87, p = .01). ML programs are useful socio-educational tools to prevent problems such as dissatisfaction with body image and risky eating behaviors, or to promote healthy behaviors.

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The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic forced researchers worldwide in various disciplines to investigate and propose efficient strategies and/or technologies to prevent COVID-19 from further spreading. One of the main challenges to be overcome is the fast and efficient detection of COVID-19 using deep learning approaches and medical images such as Chest Computed Tomography (CT) and Chest X-ray images. In order to contribute to this challenge, a new dataset was collected in collaboration with "S.E.S Hospital Universitario de Caldas" ( https://hospitaldecaldas.com/ ) from Colombia and organized following the Medical Imaging Data Structure (MIDS) format. The dataset contains 7,307 chest X-ray images divided into 3,077 and 4,230 COVID-19 positive and negative images. Images were subjected to a selection and anonymization process to allow the scientific community to use them freely. Finally, different convolutional neural networks were used to perform technical validation. This dataset contributes to the scientific community by tackling significant limitations regarding data quality and availability for the detection of COVID-19.

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Resumen El culturismo es un deporte asociado con alteraciones psicológicas, afecciones en la salud y deterioro en las relaciones interpersonales. Aunque las mujeres no están exentas, la mayoría de los estudios se han realizado en hombres. Método: El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el consumo de sustancias ergogénicas, la dependencia al ejercicio y la presencia de síntomas de TCA y DM, en usuarias de gimnasio. La búsqueda de información se realizó en PubMed, PsycInfo y Medline. Se siguieron los lineamientos de la declaración PRISMA y se evaluó la calidad metodológica. Se incluyeron 22 estudios en la revisión. Resultados: Los estudios fueron publicados durante las últimas dos décadas y la mayoría se realizaron en Europa y en América. Un porcentaje importante de culturistas competidoras y recreativas tienen dependencia al ejercicio (29.6%). Se encontró alta prevalencia de consumo de suplementos alimenticios (50.7%) y esteroides anabólicos (41.7%), así como síntomas de TCA (46.6%) y DM. Conclusiones: La información obtenida aún es limitada, debido a que la mayoría de los investigadores han evaluado las variables de interés por separado. Se requieren más estudios que contribuyan a la comprensión de este fenómeno en usuarias de gimnasio. Los resultados se discuten a luz de investigaciones previas.

Abstract Bodybuilding is a sport associated with psychological disorders, health disease and deterioration in interpersonal relationships. Although women are not exempt, most studies have been done on men. Method: The objective of this research was to describe the consumption of ergogenic substances, dependence on exercise and the presence of symptoms of ED and DM, in female gym users. The information search was performed in PubMed, PsycInfo and Medline. The guidelines of the PRISMA declaration were followed and the methodological quality was evaluated. Twenty-two studies were included in the review. Results: The studies were published during the last two decades and most were conducted in Europe and America. An important percentage of competitive and recreational bodybuilders are dependent on exercise (29.6%). A high prevalence of consumption of food supple ments (50.7%) and anabolic steroids (41.7%) was found, as well as symptoms of ED (46.6%) and DM. Conclusions: The information obtained is still limited, since most researchers have evaluated the variables of interest separately. More studies are required to contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon in gym users. The results are discussed in the light of previous research.

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Excess weight requires multidisciplinary treatment, including psychology in face-to-face and e-health interventions. The need to analyse interventions' content validity has become evident. The objective is to assess content validity of a psychological e-health program of self-control and motivation for adults with excess weight. Six health professionals (a nutritionist, a personal trainer, physician and three psychologists) evaluated the content validity of the program. The results showed that the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) was 1 (the maximum value) for 11 of the 22 activities that comprise the program. This index fluctuated between 0.83 and 0.85 for the other activities, and the scale-level content validity index was greater than 0.90 for the four modules. In terms of relevance, effectiveness and appropriateness, 90%, 65% and 60% of the activities, respectively, obtained the maximum possible I-CVI, while the index was acceptable for the remainder of the activities. This is the first study about content validity of a psychological program for adults with excess weight in Mexico and it supported that the content program was suitable, and it may be used as a part of multidisciplinary treatments. This study also highlights the importance of involving an expert review in the development of intervention programs. This intervention program may be useful in the context of a multidisciplinary intervention; however, it is important to conduct studies to evaluate its efficacy.

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Introducción: Los patrones de belleza establecidos por la sociedad y difundidos por los medios de comunicación han ocasionado que los adolescentes presenten trastornos alimentarios; por lo que se desarrollan estrategias de prevención para contrarrestar dicha problemática. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de prevención universal de trastornos alimentarios en estudiantes de una secundaria del Estado de México. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte longitudinal, la muestra estuvo conformada por cinco grupos de intervención (n = 183) y un grupo control (n = 38), a los que se les aplicó el test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-23), el test se aplicó antes y después de la intervención de un programa nutricional. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas entre la preprueba y la posprueba del grupo con intervención. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la subescala de patrones y estilos alimentarios (t = 1,94, p = 0,05) y en las preguntas de me gusta comer con otras personas y siento que los alimentos controlan mi vida, se vieron cambios positivos en ambas preguntas. Conclusiones: Los programas interactivos generan mayores resultados que aquellos que se basan en la transmisión de conocimientos, de ahí que se deban desarrollar programas específicos para la alfabetización de los medios de comunicación y así generar una actitud crítica ante la presión que ejercen la publicidad y la moda(AU)

Introduction: Beauty patterns established by society and disseminated by the media have caused that adolescents present eating disorders; therefore, prevention strategies are developed to counteract this problem. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a universal prevention program of eating disorders in students from a junior high school in the State of Mexico. Methods: Quantitative longitudinal study. The sample consisted of five intervention groups (n = 183) and a control group (n = 38), to which the dietary attitudes test (EAT-23) was applied. The test was applied before and after the intervention of a nutritional program. Student's t-test was used for samples related to pre-testing and post-testing of the intervention group. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the subscale of eating patterns and styles (t = 1.94, p = 0.05) and in the questions ¨I like to eat with other people¨ and I feel that food controls my life¨, positive changes were seen in both questions. Conclusions: Interactive programs generate greater results than those based on the transmission of knowledge, hence specific programs must be developed for media literacy and thus generate a critical attitude towards the pressure exerted by advertising and fashion(AU)

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Resumen El consumo de sustancias esteroides anabólico-androgénicas (EAA) no se limita a su uso en el deporte profesional, actualmente se ha extendido a usuarios de gimnasio que practican deporte con fines estéticos. Sin embargo, poco se sabe de sus consecuencias en el funcionamiento cognoscitivo por su consumo prolongado y en dosis elevadas. Por lo tanto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de los estudios llevados a cabo durante la última década (2011-2021). Fueron incluidos siete artículos para su revisión de los que se destaca que, los usuarios de gimnasio de consumo prolongado o dependiente a sustancias EAA presentan déficits en ciertas funciones cognoscitivas (memoria y funciones ejecutivas) en comparación con usuarios no consumidores, consumidores a corto plazo o no dependientes. Aunque es necesario que se lleven a cabo investigaciones que realicen una evaluación integral de los diferentes procesos cognoscitivos, los resultados de estos estudios ofrecen evidencia importante para que profesionales de la salud, ciencias del deporte, entrenadores fitness o deportivos, usuarios de gimnasio y el público en general puedan atender, intervenir o prevenir las posibles consecuencias.

Abstract The consumption of anabolic-androgenic steroid substances (AAS) is not limited to use in professional sports, it has now been extended to gym users who practice sports for aesthetic purposes. However, little is known about its consequences on cognitive function due to its prolonged consumption and in high doses. Therefore, a systematic review of the studies carried out during the last decade (2011-2021) was carried out. Seven articles were included for review, highlighting that gym users with long-term or substance-dependent use of AAS presenting deficits in certain cognitive functions (memory and executive functions) compared to non-users, short-term users, or not dependents. Although more research is needed on the comprehensive evaluation of the different cognitive processes, the results of these studies offer important evidence so that health professionals, sport sciences, fitness or sports trainers, gym users and the public in general can attend to, intervene or prevent possible consequences.

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Resumen Para comprender la forma en que piensan y actúan las personas excesivamente preocupadas por su musculatura, es importante contar con instrumentos de medición apropiados. Por esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la literatura publicada sobre las propiedades psicométricas de las medidas desarrolladas para evaluar la imagen corporal masculina, la motivación por la musculatura y la dismorfia muscular. Para la inclusión de los instrumentos a analizar, se aplicaron los criterios propuestos por Cafri y Thompson (2004). Los instrumentos fueron clasificados en tres grandes grupos: insatisfacción muscular, motivación por la musculatura y dismorfia muscular. Para describir los instrumentos, se consideró la descripción de la escala, sus datos psicométricos obtenidos por los desarrolladores y evidencia psicométrica adicional, con énfasis en poblaciones hispanas y latinas. De los 14 instrumentos que existen para medir insatisfacción muscular, motivación por incrementar la musculatura o sintomatología de dismorfia muscular, solo siete han sido evaluados psicométricamente en muestras hispanas o latinas. En general, todos los instrumentos poseen adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar los constructos insatisfacción muscular, motivación por la musculatura y dismorfia muscular.

Abstract To understand how people who are overly concerned about their musculature think and act, it is important to have appropriate measuring instruments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the published literature on the psychometric properties of the measures developed to assess male body image, drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia. For the inclusion of the measures to analyze, the criteria proposed by Cafri and Thompson (2004) were applied. The instruments were classified into three main groups: muscle dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia. To describe the instruments, we considered the description of the scale, their psychometric data obtained by the developers, and additional psychometric evidence, with emphasis on Hispanic and Latino populations. Of the 14 instruments that exist to measure muscular dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity or symptomatology of muscular dysmorphia, only seven have been evaluated psychometrically in Hispanic or Latin samples. In general, all instruments have adequate psychometric properties to evaluate the constructs muscle dissatisfaction, muscle motivation and muscle dysmorphia.

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Cross-validation is a useful strategy to address problems associated with the post hoc model fitting. The aim of this study was to cross-validate the BAS-2, in two samples (Calibration and Validation Samples), using an invariance testing strategy. 1127 Mexican adolescents (508 males and 619 females), aged 11-19 years (M = 15.41, SD = 2.30), allocated in two samples (n1 = 672; n2 = 455) completed the Mexican version of the BAS-2, along with other body image-related instruments. The cross-validation supported the generalizability of the one-factor respecified model of the BAS-2. The measure was invariant across body mass index and age, but not across sex. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (a three-week period between each test) was excellent. In support of the validity of the BAS-2, it was positively associated with scores on body esteem, but negatively with body mass index, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction. Normal-weight and young adolescents groups showed higher body appreciation than excess-weight and late adolescents groups, respectively. Considering these findings, it is reasonable to conclude that the BAS-2 is a reliable and valid instrument to assess body appreciation in Mexican adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional, descriptive study.

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