RESUMO
The common fig (Ficus carica L.) was introduced into Mexico by Spanish Franciscan missionaries in the 16th century. It is widely assumed that Mexican figs are the Spanish cultivar Black Mission. We collected and propagated 12 fig plants from six landraces from different states in Central Mexico that represent different climate. All of them were grown in a greenhouse at Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, in the State of Mexico. During the experimental period, the greenhouse had an average temperature and relative humidity of 29.2° ± 5.4°C (SEM) and 78.1 ± 6.7% (SEM), respectively. Morphological characterization was done following a selected set of quantitative and qualitative descriptors established by the IPGRI. DNA analysis was based on a combination of ISSR and RFLP markers. We observed great diversity mainly in fruit weight (28.1-96.2 g), fruit shape (ovoid, pyriform), and neck length (0.97-3.80 cm), which could not be explained by environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The Nei and Li/Dice similarity coefficient between landraces was determined by cluster analysis using the UPGMA method. Based on the morphological characterization and DNA fingerprinting data presented in this study, our results showed that after hundreds of years, black figs have adapted to local environmental condition in Central Mexico, yielding at least six clearly distinct landraces that represent valuable and previously undescribed genetic diversity. We also suggested names for those landraces according to their location and established a basis for further agronomic and molecular characterization of fig landraces.
Assuntos
Ficus/genética , Genes de Plantas , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Arabidopsis/genética , Clima , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA de Plantas/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , México , Repetições de Microssatélites , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
La primera aplicación del laser en un diente fue realizada en 1965. Desde entonces ha presentado una constante evolución y desarrollo. La tecnología laser permite realizar procedimientos en tejidos duros y blandos, pudiendo ser utilizado con las siguientes finalidades: como prevención de la desmineralización, en la adhesión y remoción de brackets, en la reducción del dolor producto del movimiento dental, en la reparación ósea después de la expansión, en diversas cirugías y otras aplicaciones más. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre algunos de los usos, ventajas y características del laser en Ortodoncia.
The first application of laser in a tooth was made in 1965. Since then this tecnology had a constant evolution and development. Laser technology allows procedures in hard and soft tissues, it can be used for the following purposes: prevention of demineralization, bonding and debonding of brackets, to reduce pain resulting from tooth movement, bone repair after expansion, surgeries and other applications. The aim of this article is to review the literature on some of the uses, advantages and features of the laser in orthodontics.
Assuntos
Humanos , Analgesia , Odontologia , Ortodontia , Lasers , Terapia a LaserRESUMO
The functional effect of the A>G transition at position 2756 on the MTR gene (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase), involved in folate metabolism, may be a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The frequency of MTR A2756G (rs1805087) polymorphism was compared between HNSCC patients and individuals without history of neoplasias. The association of this polymorphism with clinical histopathological parameters was evaluated. A total of 705 individuals were included in the study. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the polymorphism. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test (univariate analysis) was used for comparisons between groups and multiple logistic regression (multivariate analysis) was used for interactions between the polymorphism and risk factors and clinical histopathological parameters. Using univariate analysis, the results did not show significant differences in allelic or genotypic distributions. Multivariable analysis showed that tobacco and alcohol consumption (P < 0.05), AG genotype (P = 0.019) and G allele (P = 0.028) may be predictors of the disease and a higher frequency of the G polymorphic allele was detected in men with HNSCC compared to male controls (P = 0.008). The analysis of polymorphism regarding clinical histopathological parameters did not show any association with the primary site, aggressiveness, lymph node involvement or extension of the tumor. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that supports an association between the polymorphism and the risk of HNSCC.
Assuntos
5-Metiltetra-Hidrofolato-Homocisteína S-Metiltransferase/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/enzimologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/enzimologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The functional effect of the A>G transition at position 2756 on the MTR gene (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase), involved in folate metabolism, may be a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The frequency of MTR A2756G (rs1805087) polymorphism was compared between HNSCC patients and individuals without history of neoplasias. The association of this polymorphism with clinical histopathological parameters was evaluated. A total of 705 individuals were included in the study. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to genotype the polymorphism. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test (univariate analysis) was used for comparisons between groups and multiple logistic regression (multivariate analysis) was used for interactions between the polymorphism and risk factors and clinical histopathological parameters. Using univariate analysis, the results did not show significant differences in allelic or genotypic distributions. Multivariable analysis showed that tobacco and alcohol consumption (P < 0.05), AG genotype (P = 0.019) and G allele (P = 0.028) may be predictors of the disease and a higher frequency of the G polymorphic allele was detected in men with HNSCC compared to male controls (P = 0.008). The analysis of polymorphism regarding clinical histopathological parameters did not show any association with the primary site, aggressiveness, lymph node involvement or extension of the tumor. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that supports an association between the polymorphism and the risk of HNSCC.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , /genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/enzimologia , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/enzimologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent endothelial cell mitogens and plays a critical role in angiogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been evaluated in patients with several types of cancer. The objectives of this study were to determine if there was an association of the -1154G/A polymorphism of the VEGF gene with head and neck cancer and the interaction of this polymorphism with lifestyle and demographic factors. Additionally, the distribution of the VEGF genotype was investigated with respect to the clinicopathological features of head and neck cancer patients. The study included 100 patients with histopathological diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with treated tumors were excluded. A total of 176 individuals 40 years or older were included in the control group and individuals with a family history of neoplasias were excluded. Analysis was performed after extraction of genomic DNA using the real-time PCR technique. No statistically significant differences between allelic and genotype frequencies of -1154G/A VEGF polymorphism were identified between healthy individuals and patients. The real-time PCR analyses showed a G allele frequency of 0.72 and 0.74 for patients and the control group, respectively. The A allele showed a frequency of 0.28 for head and neck cancer patients and 0.26 for the control group. However, analysis of the clinicopathological features showed a decreased frequency of the A allele polymorphism in patients with advanced (T3 and T4) tumors (OR = 0.36; 95 percentCI = 0.14-0.93; P = 0.0345). The -1154A allele of the VEGF gene may decrease the risk of tumor growth and be a possible biomarker for head and neck cancer. This polymorphism is associated with increased VEGF production and may have a prognostic importance.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Estilo de Vida , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent endothelial cell mitogens and plays a critical role in angiogenesis. Polymorphisms in this gene have been evaluated in patients with several types of cancer. The objectives of this study were to determine if there was an association of the -1154G/A polymorphism of the VEGF gene with head and neck cancer and the interaction of this polymorphism with lifestyle and demographic factors. Additionally, the distribution of the VEGF genotype was investigated with respect to the clinicopathological features of head and neck cancer patients. The study included 100 patients with histopathological diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with treated tumors were excluded. A total of 176 individuals 40 years or older were included in the control group and individuals with a family history of neoplasias were excluded. Analysis was performed after extraction of genomic DNA using the real-time PCR technique. No statistically significant differences between allelic and genotype frequencies of -1154G/A VEGF polymorphism were identified between healthy individuals and patients. The real-time PCR analyses showed a G allele frequency of 0.72 and 0.74 for patients and the control group, respectively. The A allele showed a frequency of 0.28 for head and neck cancer patients and 0.26 for the control group. However, analysis of the clinicopathological features showed a decreased frequency of the A allele polymorphism in patients with advanced (T3 and T4) tumors (OR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.14-0.93; P = 0.0345). The -1154A allele of the VEGF gene may decrease the risk of tumor growth and be a possible biomarker for head and neck cancer. This polymorphism is associated with increased VEGF production and may have a prognostic importance.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The P transposable element copy numbers and the KP/full-sized P element ratios were determined in eight Brazilian strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Strains from tropical regions showed lower overall P element copy numbers than did strains from temperate regions. Variable numbers of full-sized and defective elements were detected, but the full-sized P and KP elements were the predominant classes of elements in all strains. The full-sized P and KP element ratios were calculated and compared with latitude. The northernmost and southernmost Brazilian strains showed fewer full-sized elements than KP elements per genome, and the strains from less extreme latitudes had many more full-sized P than KP elements. However, no clinal variation was observed. Strains from different localities, previously classified as having P cytotype, displayed a higher or a lower proportion of KP elements than of full-sized P elements, as well as an equal number of the two element types, showing that the same phenotype may be produced by different underlying genomic components of the P-M system.
Assuntos
Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Meio Ambiente , Animais , Autorradiografia , Southern Blotting , Brasil , Densitometria , Feminino , Geografia , Análise de Regressão , Mapeamento por RestriçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to identify knowledge and control of vectorial transmission (Triatoma infestans, known as vinchuca) of Chagas' disease in Guaraní Communities in Bolivia. We performed a descriptive study of a series of 98 individuals through a semi-structured questionnaire. Interviewees were asked about their familiarity with vinchuca, whether they thought vinchuca produced disease, the name of the disease and its consequences, as well as behavior related to eliminating the domestic insect vectors, such as cleaning of the home, backyard and corral.The insect vector was sufficiently well known (98%), although the name of the disease was identified by only 14.3% of the interviewees. Although the dwellings favored insect proliferation, they were not frequently cleaned: 28.6% cleaned their homes while and 42.9% cleaned the backyard and 7.1% cleaned the corral. Gender differences were found in the division of labor: women cleaned the homes and backyards, while men clean the corral. Experience has shown that the usefulness of projects for building healthy living areas and for health education depends on the value given to these projects by the community. Women are probably the best target group, because they perform a greater number of preventive tasks and seldom leave the community for extended periods of time.